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Design, Fabrication And Performance Evaluation Of A Battery Operated Solar Charged Boom Sprayer
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Solar Energy
Solar energy is the energy that is in sunlight it has been used for thousands of years in many different ways by people all over the world. As well as its traditional human uses in heating cooking and drying it is used today to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places and in space it is becoming cheaper to make electricity from solar energy and in many situations it is now competitive with energy from coal or oil solar energy is also called “Heat trapper†as it is the automatic, non-mechanical, sun ray trapper.
Solar energy is used today in a number of ways:
As heat for making hot water, heating building and cooking
To generate electricity with solar cells or heat engines
To take the salt away from sea water
To use sun rays for dying clothes and towels
2.2 Solar cells
Solar cells can be used to generate electricity from sunlight it is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Sometimes the term “Solar cell†is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the light source is unspecified.
Solar cells have much application. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the gird is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, earth orbiting satellite and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or waist witches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications.
2.3 Different Types of Solar Panels
There are three main types of solar panels. They are listed below
Flat plate collectors
Focusing collectors
Solar cells
Flat Plate Collectors: Are fastened on the top of the roof of a house of a house. They usually other heat the house or its water. A flat plate collector consists of a block rectangular frame, two or three sheet of glass, and copper plumbing. A flat plate collector uses the green house effect. The sunrays go’ through the glass but can’t get out through the glass. The sunrays heat the water filled copper tubes. Then the water is used to heat the boom or water.
Focusing Collector consist of a mirror or mirrors which are focused in one spot. some focusing collectors are solar furnaces, parabolic dishes, trough and power tower.
Solar Cells: usually consists of two layers of silicon that produce an electric charge which is picked up by wires that are laid across isolated phone booth to a whole city.
2.4 How Solar Panels Work:
Solar panels of photovoltaic systems are made up of dozens of solar cells. Each solar cell within the solar panel layer is made up of electrons that jump back and forth producing direct powers, for the solar system when the suns ray ignite with the solar panel.
The direct current of (DC) power is then sent to converter which converts it to alternating current known as AC Power.
The power travels from the inverter to your breaker box. The power from the electrical panel is then distributed to any electrical items used.
The computerized controller regulated and controls the system and duties any unused power back to the utility grid.
The grid connected system automatically provides additional electricity from the utility company any rime needed or when solar power is not produced to example of when a grid would automatically produce additional electricity would be at night, bad weather or during the day when demand for energy has exceeded the amount of solar power it has produced.
The flow of electricity in and act of the utility grid is measured by a utility mater.
When solar systems generate more electricity (the meter on the utility meter spins left) extra electricity is automatically sent to the ability company. www.churnerelectric.com
2.5 Factors that influence the selection of solar panel
Cable Thickness
Generally there are electrical appliances working at 220v which is significantly higher compared with the usual PV system DC voltages of 12v, 24v of 48v for the same wattage much higher are involved in the PV systems. This brings into picture resistance losses in the wiring.
Temperature
Solar cells better in cold rather than in hot climate and as things stand, panels are rated at 250c which can be significantly different from the real outdoor situation. For each degree rise in temperature above 250c the panel output decays by the about 0.25% for amorphous cells and about 0.4-0.5% for crystalline cells. Thus, in hot summer days panel temperature can easily reach 700 or more, which simply means that the panels will put out to 25% less power compared to what they are rated for at 250c. This a 100w panel produce only 75w in May/June in most parts of India where temperatures reach 450c and beyond in summer and electricity demand is high.
Shading
Ideally solar panels should be located such that there will never be shades on them because a shadow on even a small part of the panel can have a surprisingly large effect on the output. The cells within a panel are normally all wired in series and the shaded cells affect the current flow of the whole panel. But the can be situations where it cannot be avoided, and this to the effect of partial shading should be considered while planning.
Solar Panel Pitch and Orientation A non-tracking PV systems in the Northern hemisphere should face true south the positioning angle directly relates to the angle of latitude, if you live at 35.2 degrees North of equator (flagstaff, AZ) your panel should face directly south at a 35.2-degree angle if the solar panels are being installed on a roof, take into accent the pitch of the roof.
For maximum performance the solar panels should be adjusted twice a year. Large commercial system have solar tracking systems that automatically follow the sun’s till through the day.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract would be uploaded soon ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Solar Energy and Deep Cycle Battery 1.2.1 Solar Energy 1.3 Definition of Sprayer1.4 Statement of the Problem1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Project 1.6 Justification of the Project1.7 Scope of the Project CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Solar Energy 2.2 Solar cells2.3 Different Types of Solar Panels 2.3.1 Flat Plate Collectors: 2.3.2 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the study Sprayers are devices that are specially designed to spray liquid quickly and easily. They come in a number of different varieties. A sprayer is used to cover large area such as lawns quickly and easily. A boom sprayer of this type is typically used for spraying chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.Along with proper plant selection and cure, controlling pests in lawn or garden is an important par ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE(REGULATOR); This is a device or mechanism that
maintain any pre-set pressure by by-passing some of the liquid back to
the tank i.e it serves as safety device in automatically unloading the
excessive pressure. (It is a means of adjusting the pressure as required
for the job).PRESSURE GUAGE; This is a component pant of the
sprayer that always indicate the actual pressure at which the sprayer is
working. If properly calibrated, it provides guide to the operator in ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESArchic. A. S. and Harold E. G. 1977. Machine for pover farming. Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York D. Nuyttens, K. Baetens, M. De Schampheleir, B. Sonck, “effects of nozzle type, size and pressure on spray droplet characteristic. “Biosystem Engineering 97, PP 33-345, 2007.Klenin, N. I; poper, I.F; Sakun, V.A. 1985. Agriculttural Machines (The operation, Computation of controlling parameters and the conditions of operation. Amerind Publishing co. Put, ltd ... Continue reading---
