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Design, Fabrication And Performance Evaluation Of A Battery Operated Solar Charged Boom Sprayer
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2.6 Methods of Controlling pests and Disease
Once a seed has
successfully germinated on the filed there is no guarantee t hat it will
become a mature plant or fruit, to be harvested and the crop stored.
There is danger that the plant may be lost at several stages in its
growth, as a result of damage by birds, weeds, diseases, e.t.c. This
will certainly affect the name of farmers.
Therefore, the control of pests through various pesticides application in an effective manner is needed.
The
following methods have recognized as the effective and economical
control to be tried out by farmers under different situations.
Preventive control
Cultural control
Chemical control
Biological control
Mechanical control
Crop,
pest, and disease management decisions very according to plant life
cycles, infection size, environmental parameters and management
objectives successful management of pest and disease requires proper
plant identification, selection of effective methods and monitoring the
effects over time.
2.6.1 Cultural control
Cultural control,
the establishment of competitive and desirable vegetation, prevents or
slows down invasion by weedy species and is a key component of
successful weed management. Weeds are typically opportunistic and
readily invade disturbed sites. Impacts from road construction,
intensive livestock grazing, densely populated area and competitive
vegetation create sites for noxious weed invasion. Controlling weeds on
such as farm lands can be futile without vegetative restoration, as
weeds will readily re-invade the disturbed area. Success of ten depends
on proper species selection suitable for a particular soil type,
moisture regime and growing season. Other factors such as soil
compaction, seeding depth, and weed control during establishment can be
critical to success.
2.6.2 Chemical control
Chemical control
involves the use of herbicides. Herbicides control weed plants either by
speeding up, stopping or charging the plant’s normal growth patterns;
by desiccating (drying out) the leaves or stem, or by defoliating the
plant (making it drop its leaves). Herbicide application can provide the
most effective and time-efficient method of managing weeds. Numerous
herbicides are available that provide effective weed control and are
selective in that (single nozzle application targeting) individual
plants, or broad-cast spraying (multiple nozzles covering an entire
area. Estimating or guessing sprayer output can lead to misapplication
which either injures non-target plants or results in failure to control
the target weed species.
2.6.3 Biological control
Biological
control involves the use of insects or pathogens (disease) that affect
the health of the weed. Usually, these bio-control agents are from the
same origin as the weed species. The good or biological control is not
eradication, but the use of living agents to suppress vigor and spread
of weeds. Such agents can be insects, bacteria, fungi or grazing animals
such as sheep, goats, cattle or horse. Grazing produces results similar
to moving, bacteria and fungi are seldom available for noxious weed
management. Biological control is most commonly thought of as “insect
bio-controlâ€.
2.6.4 Mechanical control
Mechanical control is
the use of powered tools and machinery to manage weeds. It is suitable
for layer infections because it reduces the weed bulk with less manual
effort. Mechanical control consists of methods include puling, digging,
disking, plowing and mowing. Success of various mechanical control
methods is dependent on the life cycle of the target weed species.
2.7 Economic importance of pest and disease control (Spraying)
It reduce the rate of competition for nutrient
It encourage germination of crops of properly
It assist in improving soil fertility
It reduces the rate of pest attack against plant crops
It allows planted crops to photosynthesis adequately
2.8 Crop Protection
Crop protection targets at dealing with destructive agents such as:
Weeds
Diseases
Insects
Human (at times)
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract would be uploaded soon ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Solar Energy and Deep Cycle Battery 1.2.1 Solar Energy 1.3 Definition of Sprayer1.4 Statement of the Problem1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Project 1.6 Justification of the Project1.7 Scope of the Project CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Solar Energy 2.2 Solar cells2.3 Different Types of Solar Panels 2.3.1 Flat Plate Collectors: 2.3.2 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the study Sprayers are devices that are specially designed to spray liquid quickly and easily. They come in a number of different varieties. A sprayer is used to cover large area such as lawns quickly and easily. A boom sprayer of this type is typically used for spraying chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.Along with proper plant selection and cure, controlling pests in lawn or garden is an important par ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE(REGULATOR); This is a device or mechanism that
maintain any pre-set pressure by by-passing some of the liquid back to
the tank i.e it serves as safety device in automatically unloading the
excessive pressure. (It is a means of adjusting the pressure as required
for the job).PRESSURE GUAGE; This is a component pant of the
sprayer that always indicate the actual pressure at which the sprayer is
working. If properly calibrated, it provides guide to the operator in ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESArchic. A. S. and Harold E. G. 1977. Machine for pover farming. Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York D. Nuyttens, K. Baetens, M. De Schampheleir, B. Sonck, “effects of nozzle type, size and pressure on spray droplet characteristic. “Biosystem Engineering 97, PP 33-345, 2007.Klenin, N. I; poper, I.F; Sakun, V.A. 1985. Agriculttural Machines (The operation, Computation of controlling parameters and the conditions of operation. Amerind Publishing co. Put, ltd ... Continue reading---
