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Modification And Testing Of Biomass Dryer
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3.3.11 Copper Pipe
The copper pipe transfers heat underneath the tray so as to enhance fast drying. The essence of this is to uniformly distribute the heat beneath each tray for effective drying and copper is a good conductor of heat.
3.4 Design Consideration for the Biomass Dryer
In the design of dryer, a number of factors must be put into consideration. The concept of equilibrium moisture content is very important in the design of the dryer. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) is define as the moisture content of a biological product after it has been exposed to a particular environment for a period of time.
The following parameters were put into consideration in the design of the dryer;
Air temperature
Air relative humidity
Air flow rate
Original and final moisture content
Crop type and crop maturity
3.4.1 Air Temperature
Air temperature is the temperature indicated by a thermometer and it is a measure of how hot or cold the air is. Air temperature helps in determining the rate at which crop will dry. Air temperature three namely wet bulb, dry bulb and dew point temperature.
3.4.2 Air Relative Humidity
The addition of heat provides assurance that the relative humidity of the air will be low enough to remove moisture from the crop. The relative humidity is the ratio expressed as a percentage of the moisture content of the air at a specific temperature to the moisture content of the air.
3.4.3 Air Flow Rate
Air flow rate is the measure of the amount of air per unit of time that flows through the dryer. The capacity of air to remove moisture is dependent upon the initial temperature and humidity, the higher the temperature the lower the humidity is the greater the removal capacity of air.
3.5 Material Selection
The material selected for this project was based on some crucial factors. These factors include:
Cost of materials: The cost of the material use is not expensive and is easily replaceable and repair when the need arise.
The physical properties of the material: which include the shape the size and the weight of the materials.
Strength of the Material: The material considered is of good strength which can withstand stress and conserve heat.
Availability of Material: The material uses are locally sourced to ease repair and maintenance of the dryer and to make it affordable by farmers.
Portability: The size and weight of the material chosen is moderate and light weight for easy transportation from one place to another
Durability: The selected material gives an assurance of long life and is durable
3.6 Operation of the Biomass Dryer
When the hot air which is less dense is going to rise through the drying chamber as it enter the drying chamber, six trays were placed in the drying chamber these trays were provided with perforated holes to allow the air to pass from the bottom side of the tray to the top side of the tray. Materials to be dried was been placed on there trays. The hot air in the drying chamber was passed into the copper pipe which transfers the heat directly beneath each tray thus allowing the moisture content in the materials to evaporate faster.
The heated air from the dryer is going to take away the moisture from the material and is going to dry it. Thus, the drying operation is carried out through the day without any interruption. The drying of the produce takes place without any polluting and without spending money on electricity.
3.7 Design Analysis/Design Calculation
3.7.1 Design for the Volume/Capacity of Drying Tray
L x B x H (3.1)
Where L = 500mm
B = 400mm
H = 20mm
500 x 400 x 20 = 4000000mm3
3.7.2 Design of Area of the Temperature Controller
H "Av" /"L" - (3.2)
"where A=Area, " 〖mm〗^2 " = how"
V = Voltage L = length
Backup Hours = 12Hrs
System voltage = 24v
Wattage = 70watt
Battery Amp = ?
"12H =" "A x 24v" /"70w"
12H x 70w = A x 24v
"A=" "12H x 70w" /"24v"
A = 35 Aâ„H
3.7.3 Design of Area of Copper Pipe
A = L x B (3.3)
L = 400mm x 230mm x 1.5mm
= 138000mm3
3.7.4 Design of Area for the Burning Chamber
H x thickness (3.4)
H =240mm x 240mm
Thickness = 1.5mm
= 240mm x 240m x 1.5mm
= 86400mm3
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTDrying is out of the major problem in post harvest operation. The traditional method of Drying (Sun drying) is weather dependent and unhygienic which affect food storage most especially in developing countries like India where more than 3300 to 3700 hours of bright sunshine per year available in North- West and West coastal region. The dryer consist of the following operating component parts: a cabinet, blower, trays, temperature controller, copper wire and light emitting Diode (LED) s ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Drying rate of turmeric at 500c 2kg= 2000g of turmeric before peeling 1.572kg= 1572g of turmeric after peeling thickness= 3mm 2kg= 2000g of turmeric1.680kg= 168.0g of turmeric after peeling Thickness= 3mm : 1572g÷6=310g 2kg= 2000g of turmeric 1.689kg= 1680g of turmeric after peeling Thickness= 6mm : 1680 ÷ 6= 280g2kg= 200g of turmeric 1.860kg= 1860g of turmeric after peeling Thickness= 9mm : 1860 ÷6= 310g ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX C - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Drying rate of turmeric at 700c 2kg= 2000g of turmeric before peeling 1.710kg= 1710g of turmeric after peeling Thickness= 3mm : 1.710 ÷ 6 = 285g 2kg= 2000g of turmeric before peeling 1.620kg= 1620g of turmeric after peeling Thickness= 6mm : 1620g÷6=270g 2kg= 2000g of turmeric 1.740kg= 1740g of turmeric before peeling Thickness= 9mm: 1740 ÷ 6= 290g ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Drying rate of turmeric at 600c 2kg= 2000g of turmeric before peeling 1.620kg= 1620g of turmeric after peeling Thickness= 3mm : 1620 ÷ 6 = 260g 2kg= 2000g of turmeric before peeling 1.560kg= 1560g of turmeric after peeling Thickness= 6mm : 1560g÷6=260g 2kg= 200g of turmeric 1.800kg= 1800g of turmeric before peeling Thickness= 9mm: 1800 ÷ 6= 300g ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable No Table 3.1: Bought out Components for the Production Table 3.2: Cost of Materials for the Production Table 4.1 Drying Rate of Turmeric at 500C When Loaded with 2000g Table 4.2 Drying Rate of Turmeric at 600C When Loaded with 2000g Table 4.3 Drying rate of Turmeric at 700C When Loaded with 2000g Table 4.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table for Sample 3mm, 6mm, and 9mm at Temperature 500C. Table 4.5 Analysis of V ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate No Plate 3.1: Charcoal Plate 3.2: Digital Weighing Scale Plate 3.3: Temperature Controller Plate 3.4: Biomass Dryer Plate 3.5: Digital Venier Caliper Plate 4.1: Sliced Tormeric Before Drying ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure No Figure 2.1: The Period of drying Figure 4.1: Effect of Drying Rate of Turmeric at 500C of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm size of Turmeric Figure 4.2: Effect of Drying Rate of Turmeric at 600C of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm size of Turmeric Figure 4.3: Effect of Drying Rate of Turmeric at 700C of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm size of Turmeric ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX D - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSCover Page Title Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgments Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Aim and Objectives 1.4 Justification 1.5 Scope of the Project CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Drying as an Element of Post Harvest 2.1.1 Types of Losses 2.1.1.1 Moisture Content 2.1.1. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the StudyDrying is the dehydration process used to remove the moisture present in food products by the application of heat. The heat may be supplied either by hot air or from the biomass energy. Drying process is used to preserve the food products for future usage. Drying prevents the growth of bacteria and yeast formation. Drying can be achieved by using open air and biomass dryers. (Atul et al, 2014). Drying has a vital role in post harves ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Dhanushkodi et al (2015) developed a biomass dryer fir small scale cashew kernel drying. The components are heater, blower and drying chamber. Performance characteristics of the biomass dryer including system efficiency has been evaluated experimentally based on drying of 40kg of cashew kernel. The dryer is capable of producing hot air continuously with temperature ranging between 700 C to 750C. The performance analysis showed that the moisture reduction from 9% to 4% was achieved within ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]The initial moisture content of Turmeric after harvest was 43% fresh weight basis. As drying temperature increases, moisture percentage decrease and as drying time increases, moisture content decreases as will.Hence, analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the cutting and drying temperature is significant at 5%. This work is related to the research conducted by Phagu, (2015) who reported that the best drying rate of turmeric is 60oC at 3mm. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions A biomass dryer was modified and tested in the department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin. Based on the results obtained from the experiment, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. The temperature considered was 500C, 600C and 700Cat 3mm, 6mm and 9mm respectively. 2. The average weight loss at 500C of 1572g of turmeric was found to be 272.8g, at 600C of 2000g ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCEAggarwal, B.B., Sundaram, C., Malani, N. and Ichikawa, H. (2007). Curcumin: The India Solid Gold. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 595: 1-75.Ajayi C., Orsunil K. S. and Depak D. P. (2009): Design of solar dryer with Turbo ventilator and fireplace. www.solarfood.org/solarfood/--/solarfood.Atul Petal AND Gaurav Petal (2004): “Operation22..al Augmentation of forced circulation type solar Dryer System using CFD Analysisâ€. Int. 10 Journal of Engineering Rese ... Continue reading---
