Effective Safety And Health Planning On Construction Sites
[ONITSHA AND AWKA OF ANAMBRA STATE]

3.1.5    INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION
Both primary and secondary data were used in this study
3.1.5.1    PRIMARY DATA: the primary data were gathered through:- i    Field survey: this was done through oral interviews
ii    Questionnaire: questionnaire copies were also administered to get reliable data for the study.
3.1.5.2    THE SECONDARY DATA: this is the information gathered from existing literature – text book, references to professionals, conference/seminars papers; newspapers reports, published and unpublished academic materials considered relevant to the study.
3.1.6    VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
The instrument was face and content-validated by two lecturers in the department of building, faculty of environmental sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. They critically examined the contents of the questionnaire vis-a -vis the objective of the study.
Based on their observations, necessary changes were effected on the instrument to be able to achieve the intended ends.
3.1.6.1    DISTRIBUTION AND RETRIEVAL OF QUESTIONNAIRES
40 copies of the questionnaire were administered to the respondents by the searcher personally and the intent of the research was explained to them. The researcher personally went back and collected the filled questionnaires. only
32 questionnaires were collected ( representing 80 percentage ) by the researcher.
3.1.7    METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected from the respondents will be analyzed using frequency count/percentages. Liker scale (weighted mean) will be used to answer the five
research questions contained in the study. Formular for the use of percentages Percentage (%)    = F∕N * 100/1
where F = total number of frequency N = Total number of respondents
Decision rule
Any item will be regarded as Agree if it has a percentage score of 50% and above. An item with less than 50% will be regarded as Disagree.
3.1.7.2    likert scale (weighted mean)
Weighted mean of the items in section B of the questionnaire will be used to answer the five research questions used in this study

DECISION RULE:
Any item or grand mean score that is equal to or greater than 3(x>3) will be regarded as Agree items whose mean fall below 3(X<30 will be regarded as disagree.
3.1.7.3    Hypotheses
The hypotheses of this research will be put in null (Ho) and alternative (Hi) forms respectively. The Chi-square (X2) analysis will be employed to test the hypotheses at 0.05(5% level of significance). The Chi –square statistics is very useful in testing hypotheses about frequencies enumeration or counts, (nominal data). The chi –square is a non –parametric statistics. It is therefore very useful in project studies that involve obtaining data in form of counts.
Chi –square test was equally chosen because of the following: It is not restricted by any assumptions
It can be applied on a wide range data
It can be used on data obtained with strong or weak(subjective measurement scale
It is simple to calculate
Interpretation of the result is also easy.
It can also be applied on data where parametric statistics are required or are involved
The value of X2 is zero (X2 = o) when there is a perfect agreement between the observed and the hypothetical values.
Formula X2 = (O - E) 2/E
Where O = observed frequency
E = expected or theoretical frequency
DECISION RULE:
If calculated value is higher than the critical (table) value, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative Hi) is accepted
Conversely, if the table value is higher than the calculated value, then the null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted while the alternative hypothesis (Hi) is rejected.