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A Projection Report On The Effect Of Geometric Properties (shape) On The Strength Of Interlocking Paving Stone
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The following steps were employed in carrying out the test.
i. The samples were dried in air.
ii. The weight of the sieves were measured with a weighing balance after they have been cleaned with sieve brush.
iii.
The sieves were arranged in order of decreasing diameter by inserting
the bottom of one into the top of another with the largest on the top
and the pan at the bottom.
iv. A 700g of each sample was measured
and poured on the top of the sieve, covered with the lid and was shaken
for about 4mins.
v. The weight retained on each sieve was measured.
vi. The percentage passing of each of the sample was calculated from the result obtained as shown below.
3.6 Experimental Tests
3.6.1 Compressive strength test
Compressive
strength is the basic requirement of interlocking paving blocks. It is
the maximum compressible stress the material is capable of sustaining
before failure occurs, and it depends on the mix ratio, degree of
compaction, aggregate type and mode of curing. To ensure uniform
production of units for design purposes, the samples were tested for
compressive strength at the end of their curing age at the Polytechnic
laboratory compressive testing machine which operated with a capacity of
156KN. During compression test, the specimen was compressed and
deformation at various loads was recorded. It is a useful test for
measuring the plastic flow behavior and ductility of a material.
The procedure is as follows
i. The top and bottom pressure plates were first fixed, and then the specimen was placed on the bottom pressure plate.
ii. The next procedure was to load the specimen
iii.
At a point of equilibrium, the machine load equals that of the
specimen, rupture of the specimen occurs and the pointer starts moving
backward gradually.
iv. Immediately after rupture the reading was taken.
v.
To obtain the compressive strength of the elements, the compression or
Cushing load was divided by the cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Mathematically, C=P/A where C is the Compression (N/mm2), P is the
crushing load (N) and A is the cross-sectional area of the specimen
(mm2).
3.6.2 Flexural Strength Test
It is a measure of the
element to resist failure in bending, and it is determined by standard
test methods i.e. third point loading or centre point loading but for
the purpose of this project the center point loading was used where the
entire load is applied at the center of the span.
The capacity of the machine is 30, 0001b 133620N)
The procedure used in carrying out this test is as follows
a. The flexural strength testing machine was first assembled
b. Then the test specimen was placed so that the entire load is applied at the center
c. The machine was then operated until the loading blocks are brought into contact with the upper surface of the beam
d.
The test load was applied at a controlled rate and the reading was
obtained on the proving ring dial as the specimen is broken.
The flexural strength is expressed in terms of modulus of rupture (R) and it is given as R=1.5FL/bh2
Where R=Modulus of Rupture
F = Maximum applied load (N)
L = Length between supports (mm)
b = average width of the specimen
h – Average depth of the specimen
Failure load was obtained in pounds (Ib) and this was converted to Newton (N) as (1)b=4.454N)
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT Interlocking paving stone is a good surface material produce as a result of mixture of aggregate to produce a good workability surface. This research work investigates on how the shapes affect the strength after production. The materials used include cement, sharp sand, quarry dust or granite dust and water. The structural engineering properties investigated include compressive strength, flexural strength of each types of interlocking paving stone produced that is 3 St ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Composition of Constituent Material Per Each Shape Table 4.2: Sieve Analysis Result for Quarry Dust Table 4.3: A Compressive strength result for the interlocking paving stones Table 4.4: Flexural strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in laboratory Table 4.5: Showing Flexural Strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in laboratory Table 4.6: Showing Flexural strength properties of interlocking paving blocks produced in lab ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 1: Bubble Glover Interlock Tiles Plate 2: Didalo Interlock Tiles Plate 3: Double T Interlock Tiles Plate 4: 3 Star Interlock Tiles Plate 5: Land Roman Interlock Tiles Plate 6A: Crushing of the materials in progress Plate 6B: Crushing of the materials ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFig 2.1a: Small element pavement structure Fig 2.1b: Load spreading in the small element top layer through shear forces in the joints Fig 2.3a: Categories of Block shapes Fig 2.4a: Types of laying patterns for concrete tiles Fig 2.4b: Types of laying patterns for burnt clay bricks and concrete blocks Fig 4.1: Particle size distribution for quarry dust ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Certificate Dedication Acknowledgment Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates Abstract CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objective of the Project 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Project 1.5 Proposed Methodology CHAPTER TWO: 2.0. Literature Review 2.1 Preamble 2.2 Structure of Interlocking Paving ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.1 Introduction Researchers have work on various materials for paving and method of pavement construction that will provide adequate support for traffic load with minimum construction cost and maintenance. The concept of interlocking stone pavers dated back over 200years ago to the Roman empire where over 800,000km of roads were built using interlocking paving blocks. The roman developed a simple system for building roads some of the roads are still in use today. The roads were ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER TWO2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Preamble An interlocking concrete paver is a pre-cast piece of concrete or brick commonly used in exterior landscaping applications. Interlocking paving blocks are installed over a compacted stone sub-base and a leveling bed of sand. Concrete paving stones can be used for walkways, paths, pool decks and driveways and airport or landing docks (Paver, 2012).When one thinks of interlocking paving stones, one often get the idea of dog bone shape stone ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Material Tests Performed on the Materials and Samples The adequacy tests for the paving element as a small element pavement include physical dimension, compressive and flexural strength tests. These tests were performed at the Polytechnic laboratory, Ilorin.4.2. Material Tests The test was carried out to determine the amount of water that each material will absorb.Testing Procedure A 200g dry weight of each materia ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1. Conclusions Having established the compliance of the paving element produced with standard and specifications, one can therefore conclude that;a. The domineering materials commonly used for manufacture of paving blocks were stone dust, cement and water. b. The materials used for production are of adequate grading, shape and texture. c. The effect of laterite in the mix of the laboratory produced specimens r ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAdetifa O.A, Akinyemi E.O, Jimoh Y.A and Halega D.J (1992) “Provision of Engineeirng services for the use of paving blocksâ€. Interim Report No. 2. Submitted to SPDC by Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Unpublished.Houben, L.J.M. (1988), Structural Design of Pavements- Part V: Design of Small Element Pavements Lecture Notes CT 4860, Faculty of Civil Engineering and geosciences, TU Delft,Interlocking concrete pavers – wikipedia, the free encycloped ... Continue reading---