-
The Effect Of Admixtures On Properties Of Co`ncrete
[CASE STUDIES OF SUGAR, COW BONE ASH, GROUDNUT SHELL ASH, AND LIME STONE POWDER]
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 6]
Page 6 of 6
-
-
-
The setting time of cement is measured using the vicat apparatus with different penetrating attachment. For the determination of the initial set a round needle with a Ѳ1.13±0.05mm is used when the cement paste stiffen sufficiently for needle to penetrate only to a point 5± 1mm from the bottom initial set is said to have taken place. Final set is determined by similar needle fitted with metal attachment hollowed out so as to leave circular cutting edge 5mm in Ѳ and 0.5mm behind the top of the needle. Final set is said to have taken place when the needle gentle lowered to the surface making an impression on it but the circular cutting edge fails to do.
v. Strength: Concrete has both tensile and compressive strength but it is stronger in compression than tensile therefore compressive strength is the current standard test for cement. Compressive test can be carried out either with mortar or concrete.
2.4.3 Water
Water is used in concrete to facilitate mixing, placing and compaction of fresh concrete. It is also use for washing the aggregate and curing in order to ensure proper hydration. However, water to be used should be satisfactory if it is portable, it should be reasonable, clean and free from organic matter, salt and silt.
The water – cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of the cement used in concrete mix and has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water – cement ratio leads to higher strength and durability, may make the mix more difficult to place. The concept of water – cement ratio was developed in by Duff Abram’s and was published in 1918.
2.4.3.1 Quality of Water
The water used for mixing and curing should be clean and free from injurious quantities of alkalis, acid salts, sugar, organic materials, vegetable growth and other substances. Portable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing. The PH of water should not be less than 6. (Amit Hasija, 2008).
2.4.3.2 PROPERTIES OF WATER
a) Ph: pH is a method of expressing differences in the acidity or alkalinity of a solution or water sample.
b) Turbidity: This is a measure of the extent to which height can be absorbed or scattered by suspended materials in water.
c) Colour: Water when should be colourless. Water tends to have colour when substances like leaves, weeds and so on dissolve in it.
d) Temperature: This is how hot or cold water is. It affects chemical reactions that can take place in water as well as its density.(Amit Hasija, 2008).
2.4.4 Curing
In order to obtain good concrete, the placing of an appropriate mix must be follow by curing in suitable environment during the early stages of hardening. Curing is the name given to procedures used for promoting the hydration of cement and consists of a control of temperature and of the moisture movement from and into the concrete.
The main object of curing is to keep concrete saturated as possible, untill the originally water filled to the desired extent by the products of hydration of cement.
According to Polivkum And Klein in 1960, curing concrete is the term used for stopping freshly poured concrete from drying out quickly. The reason why this is done is that concrete, if left to dry out of its own accord, will not develop the full bond between all of its ingredients.
2.4.5 Soundness
It is essential that cement does not undergo large changing in volume after setting. This change in volume is known as unsoundness and it is caused by excessive line or magnesia in cement given rise to cracks, distort and disintegration of concrete Yusuf (2015).
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 6]
Page 6 of 6
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The project titled “The effect of admixtures on properties of concrete: case study of sugar, cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, and lime stone powder†was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect the of the various types of admixtures used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength. The material used are cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, sugar and lime stone powder. The cow bone was sou ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Data Analysis for Fine Aggregates (Sand) Table 4.2: Data Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite) Table 4.3: Slump Test Result for GSA Concrete Table 4.4: Slump Test Result for CBA Concrete Table 4.5: Slump Test Result for Sugar Concrete Table 4.6: Slump Test Result for LP Concrete Table 4.7: Summary of Slump Test Result for Various Concrete Admixtures Table 4.8: Compressive Strength Test Result of Normal Concrete Table 4.9: Compressive Strength Test ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 3.1: Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.2: Burning of Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.3: Cow bone ash, Groundnut shell ash, Limestone powder and Sugar. Plate 3.4: Batching of Concrete Plate 3.5: Type of Slump Plate 36: Cube Production Plate 3.7: Curing of Cubes Plate 3.8: Crushing Machine ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 4.1: The graph of sieve analysis for Fine Aggregate (Sand) Figure 4.2: The graph of sieve analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite). Figure 4.3: The graph of slump test result for GSA Concrete Figure 4.4: The graph of slump test result for CBA Concrete Figure 4.5: The graph of slump test result for SUGAR Concrete Figure 4.6: The graph of slump test result for LP Concrete Figure 4.7: The graph for summary of slump test result for various Concrete AdmixturesFigure 4.8: Th ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the Problem 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO 2.0 literature Review 2.1 Concrete ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0. INTRODUCTION The importance of understanding various types of materials used in Civil Engineering is widely recognized. There has been tremendous increase in the latest research and practical achievement to improve on concrete technology. Free exchange for technical know ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 PROJECT METHODOLOGY For successful accomplishment of the aims and objectives of this project the following methods are applied.i. Market survey for the most commonly used cement was carried out and it was found that elephant and dangote cement are the most commonly used in the locality due to their availability in the market all time.ii. Text books, internet and some experienced practicing engineer are consulted in order to obtain relevant and detailed ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 16 ]D10 = 1.686μmm = 0.169mmD30 = 273.6μmm = 0.274mmD60 = 503.75μmm =0.504mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 0.169mmii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.98iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = = 0.88D10 = 7.6mmD30 = 12.8mm D60 = 15.2mmi. The effective grain size; i.e. D10 = 7.6mm ii. Uniformity coefficient, Cu = = = 2.0iii. Coefficient of curvature, Cc = = = =1.42 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION Based on the results of this investigation, the following conclusion is drawn; Admixtures affect properties of concrete like its slump value, density, compressive strength, etc. Admixtures generally decrease the slump value of concrete which in turns decrease the workability of the concrete, since normal concrete(0% concrete) has a slump value of between 55-60mm while concrete with admixture has slump value lesser ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCEAkogu Elijah Abalaka (2011): ‘Effects of Sugar on Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste and Concrete.Albadan B.A, M.A Olutoye, M.S Abolarin & M. Zakariya (2005): ‘Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)with Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA) in Concrete. Leonard Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. Issues 6, pp. 43 – 48, January – June 2005. Aribisala, O.J & Bamisaye, A.J (2006): ‘Via ... Continue reading---
