The Effect Of Admixtures On Properties Of Co`ncrete
[CASE STUDIES OF SUGAR, COW BONE ASH, GROUDNUT SHELL ASH, AND LIME STONE POWDER]

COW BONE ASH
5% of Cow Bone Ash on Cement
  x 5.71 = 0.2855kg
10% of Cow Bone Ash on Cement
  x 5.71 = 0.571 = 0.571kg
15% of Cow Bone Ash on Cement
  x 5.71 = 0.8565kg
LIMESTONE POWER
5% of limestone powders on cement == 0.2855kg
10% of limestone powder on cement = 0.571kg
15% of limestone powder on cement = 0.8565kg
SUGAR
5% of sugar on cement = 0.2855kg
10% of sugar on cement = 0.571kg
15% of sugar on cement = 0.8565kg
GROUNDNUT SHELL ASH
5% of GSA on cement = 0.2855kg
10% of GSA on cement = 0.571 kg
15% of GSA on
cement = 0.8565kg

3.5    MIXING OF CONCRETE
     Mixing the materials was done manually on a flat smooth and non-absorbent surface firstly, the sand was spread in a uniform thickness and subsequent mixed with cement and some percentage of Limestone powder(LP), Groundnut shell ash(GSA) and Cow bone ash(CBA) and Sugar were mixed thoroughly(5%, 10%, and 15% respectively),this is done separately for each admixtures . Then coarse aggregate was spread on it, water was added and the materials were mixed vigorously and a homogeneous mixture were achieved . A normally mix proportion of 1:2:4 (i.e. 1 part of cement: 2 parts of fine aggregate: 4 parts of coarse aggregate.) was used. The cubes were cast with water cement ratio of 0.5 and granite of 20mm size for the experiment.
 3.6      LABORATORY TESTS
3.6.1     Sieve Analysis
    Testing objectives:- The standard grain size analysis test determines the relative proportions of different grain sizes as they are distributed among certain size ranges.
Apparatus Required:
i.    Stack of sieve including pan and cover
ii.    Weighing balance (with accuracy to 0.01g)
iii.    Rubber plastic and mortar (for crushing the soil if liquid or conglomerated)
iv.    Mechanical sieve shaker
v.    Oven
Test Procedure:
i.    Take a representative oven dried sample or soil that weighs about 500s
ii.    If soil particles are lumped or conglomerated crush the lumped and not the particles using the pistle and mortar.
iii.    Determine the mass of sample accurately Wt g
iv.    Prepare a stack of sieves (i.e set of sieves), sieves having larger opening sizes are placed above the ones having smaller opening sizes.
v.    Make sure sieves are clean, if many soil particles are stuck in the openings try to poke them out using brush.
vi.    Weigh all sieve and the pan separately
vii.    Pour the soil from steps into the stack in the sieve shaker and fix the clamps, adjust the time on 10 to 15 and get the shaker going.
viii.    Stop the sieve shaker and measure the mass of each sieve retained soil.
ix.    Tabulate your reading and complete the table.   
    Draw graph of log sieve size against % passing. The graph is known as grading curve.
    Corresponding to 10%, 30% and 60% passing, obtain diameters from graph. These are D10, D30 and D60. Using these to obtain Cu and Cc which further represent how will the soil is graded i.e. whether the soil is well graded, gap – graded or priory graded.