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The Effect Of Admixtures On Properties Of Co`ncrete
[CASE STUDIES OF SUGAR, COW BONE ASH, GROUDNUT SHELL ASH, AND LIME STONE POWDER]
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4.3 DISCUSSION ON THE RESULT
From the laboratory test carried out, t was observed that nearly one hundred percent and fractions are in the range between 10.0mm and 0.15mm grain size for fine aggregate(sand) sample.
From the graph above, it is seen that the soil sample has some 30% gravel and 70% sand, it can therefore be described as a gravelly sand. Since the range of particle sizes is fairly wide, thus this type of soil could be described as “well-gradedâ€.
It is also discovered that the coefficient of uniformity(CU) of soil sample is less than 4, hence it conforms to the AASHTO soil classification which states that if Cu (i.e, D60/D10) is less than 4 are “well-graded soilâ€(i.e uniformly graded).
From the laboratory test carried out, it was observed that nearly one hundred percent and fractions are in the range between 37.5mm and 1.18mm grain size for coarse aggregate (granite) sample.
From the graph above, it was also discovered that the coefficient of uniformity, CU of the coarse aggregate sample is less than 4, hence it conforms to the AASHTO soil classification which states that if Cu (i.e D60/D10) is less than 4 are “well-graded sample†(i.e uniformity graded).
According to California Test 555, method of test for slump of fresh Portland cement, and Tattersall, G.H.(1991), workability and quality control of concrete- London. They concluded that very dry mixes having slump 0-25mm are typically used in road making, low workability mixes having slump 10-40mm are typically used for foundations with light reinforcement, medium workability mixes with slump 50-90mm, are typically used for normal reinforced concrete placed with vibration, high workability concrete with slump > 100mm is typically used where reinforcing has tight spacing and/or the concrete has to flow a great distance.
Generally, concrete slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates water-cement ratio, but there are various factors like properties of materials, mixing method, dosage and admixture, etc which affect the concrete slump value. Normal concrete(i.e, 0% concrete) mostly has a slump value between 55-60mm while concrete with admixture has lesser slump value.
According to the Tables and graph shown above, it can be seen that the slump value increases from sugar concrete with slump of 30,26 and 22mm for 5,10 and 15% respectively. Groundnut shell ash concrete has slump value of 45,42 and 38mm for 5,10 and 15% respectively, cow bone ash concrete has slump value of 50,46 and 41mm for 5,10 and 15% respectively and limestone powder(LP) concrete has slump value of 52,48 and 44mm for 5,10 and 15% respectively. The slump value for normal concrete is 56mm.
Thus, limestone powder concrete has higher slump value, followed by cow bone ash concrete and groundnut shell ash concrete while sugar concrete has the least slump value.
Table 4.1 shows the average compressive strength for the control (i.e normal concrete) has 19.8N/mm2 and 26.5N/mm2 for 14days and 28days for respectively.
Table 4.2,4.3,4.4 shows the averages compressive strength for cow bone ash concrete has 15.6N/mm2 and 14.7N/mm2 for 5%, 16.3N/mm2 and 14.9N/mm2 for 10% and 20N/mm2 and 19.1N/mm2for 15% for 14days and 28days respectively.
Table 4.5,4.6, shows the average compressive strength of sugar concrete has 8.9N/mm2 and 11.1N/mm2 for 5%,3.8N/mm2 and 6.7N/mm2 for 10% for 14days and 28days respectively. It can be observed that in the above table there is no table for the compressive strength of sugar concrete for 15%, this is because it got destroyed in water at the curing stage. This may be due to the fact that sugar causes lack of proper cohesion and adhesion in concrete mix. It therefore retard the setting time of concrete.
Table 4.7,4.8,4.9 shows the average compressive strength for Groundnut shell ash has 12N/mm2and 5.6N/mm2 for 5%, 13N/mm2 and 6N/mm2 for 10% and 14.3N/mm2 and 11.4N/mm2 for 15% for 14days and 28days respectively.
Table 4.10,4.11,4.12 shows the average compressive strength for limestone powder(LP) concrete has 16.2N/mm2 and 14.7N/mm2 for 5%, 22N/mm2 19.8N/mm2 for 10% and 15.6N/mm2 and 24.2N/mm2 for 15% for 14days and 28days respectively.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The project titled “The effect of admixtures on properties of concrete: case study of sugar, cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, and lime stone powder†was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect the of the various types of admixtures used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength. The material used are cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, sugar and lime stone powder. The cow bone was sou ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Data Analysis for Fine Aggregates (Sand) Table 4.2: Data Analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite) Table 4.3: Slump Test Result for GSA Concrete Table 4.4: Slump Test Result for CBA Concrete Table 4.5: Slump Test Result for Sugar Concrete Table 4.6: Slump Test Result for LP Concrete Table 4.7: Summary of Slump Test Result for Various Concrete Admixtures Table 4.8: Compressive Strength Test Result of Normal Concrete Table 4.9: Compressive Strength Test ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATESPlate 3.1: Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.2: Burning of Groundnut Shell and Cow Bone Plate 3.3: Cow bone ash, Groundnut shell ash, Limestone powder and Sugar. Plate 3.4: Batching of Concrete Plate 3.5: Type of Slump Plate 36: Cube Production Plate 3.7: Curing of Cubes Plate 3.8: Crushing Machine ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFigure 4.1: The graph of sieve analysis for Fine Aggregate (Sand) Figure 4.2: The graph of sieve analysis for Coarse Aggregate (Granite). Figure 4.3: The graph of slump test result for GSA Concrete Figure 4.4: The graph of slump test result for CBA Concrete Figure 4.5: The graph of slump test result for SUGAR Concrete Figure 4.6: The graph of slump test result for LP Concrete Figure 4.7: The graph for summary of slump test result for various Concrete AdmixturesFigure 4.8: Th ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the Problem 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO 2.0 literature Review 2.1 Concrete ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0. INTRODUCTION The importance of understanding various types of materials used in Civil Engineering is widely recognized. There has been tremendous increase in the latest research and practical achievement to improve on concrete technology. Free exchange for technical know ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]While inorganic retardants include; oxide of lead and zinc, phosphates, magnesium salt fluorides, soluble zinc, soluble borates etc.3. Air-entrainers: These are probably the most important group of admixtures. They improve durability of concrete; in particular, it’s resistance effect of frost and de-icing salts. The entrainment of air in the form of very small and stable bubbles can be achieved by using framing agents based on natural wood resins, animal or vegetable fat an ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 PROJECT METHODOLOGY For successful accomplishment of the aims and objectives of this project the following methods are applied.i. Market survey for the most commonly used cement was carried out and it was found that elephant and dangote cement are the most commonly used in the locality due to their availability in the market all time.ii. Text books, internet and some experienced practicing engineer are consulted in order to obtain relevant and detailed ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION Based on the results of this investigation, the following conclusion is drawn; Admixtures affect properties of concrete like its slump value, density, compressive strength, etc. Admixtures generally decrease the slump value of concrete which in turns decrease the workability of the concrete, since normal concrete(0% concrete) has a slump value of between 55-60mm while concrete with admixture has slump value lesser ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCEAkogu Elijah Abalaka (2011): ‘Effects of Sugar on Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste and Concrete.Albadan B.A, M.A Olutoye, M.S Abolarin & M. Zakariya (2005): ‘Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)with Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash (BGSA) in Concrete. Leonard Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. Issues 6, pp. 43 – 48, January – June 2005. Aribisala, O.J & Bamisaye, A.J (2006): ‘Via ... Continue reading---
