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Analysis And Management Of Road Accident
[A CASE STUDY ILORIN- OMU ARAN ROAD KWARA STATE]
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Various concepts and models have been used to explain traffic accidents. The interest in the field of geography is the systems theory whose explanations are based on the concept of risks and man-environment adjustments and maladjustments.
As in other developing countries, road traffic accidents in Nigeria are one of the most serious problems in need of pragmatic solution. Yet this problem has been difficult to address, probably because of the country’s level of development, Nigeria is said to have the highest road traffic accident rates in Africa (Akpoghomeh, 1918, Obinna, 2007. P.35 Atubi and Onokala, 2009).
the deaths from traffic accident in Nigeria increase from 38.2 percent to 60.2 percent in ten years from 1991-2001(Obinna,2007). Thus, Nigeria’s annually 8,000-10,000 traffic accident death between 1980-2003 were a major personal and traffic safety problem as well as a terrible waste of human resources for the country in terms of the personal safety problem, Nigeria and indeed Lagos state is a high risk region with an average of 32 traffic death per 1,000 people (Filani et al, 2007).
These are very high compared with the united state of 1.6 traffic deaths per 1,000 people (Trinca et al, 1988). In terms of traffic safety, there are an average of 23 accident per 1,000 vehicles in Nigeria (i.e. 230 per 10,000 vehicles), which is Far excess of the accident rate compare to U.S.A of (2.7 accident per 10,000 vehicles) and U.K (3.2 accidents per 10,000 vehicle).
According to data from the Federal Road Safety Commission, (2006), between 1970-2001, Nigeria recorded a total of 726,383 road traffic accident resulting in the death of 208,665 person and 596,425, injuries. In that period, each succeeding year recorded more accidents death and injuries also between 1997-2007, Lagos state alone recorded a total of 39,147 road accidents resulting in the death of 10,132 persons and 18,972 injuries (Atubi, 2006).
Indeed, the Nigeria accident patterns seem to suggest that the better the road, the higher the accident and the fatality rate as well as the severity and non-survival incidences because of the driver non compliance with the speed limits (Onokomaiya, 1988, Gbadamosi, 1994, Filani and Gbadamosi, 2007).
Various concepts and models have been used to explain traffic accident of particular interest in the geographic the systems theory whose explanations are based on the concept of risks and man, environment adjustments and maladjustments theory (Muhlrad et al, 2005).
The components of the theory are the environment, the means of transport and the behavior of man (Krug et al, 2000). In furtherance of this theory a model for traffic accident as inspired by the ecological model of a disease was developed by Jorgenser and Abane (1999).
The model is characterized by three main components (See komba, 2006). Between casual stimulus and negative effect. The sixth type called Medusa represents perception of high risk among individuals large potential for social mobilization without clear scientific evidence for serious harm (See also Rem,2002, hood et al, 2001).
Urban traffic man agent therefore is an important aspect of transportation planning that attracts the attention of transport experts and governments in both developed and developing countries of the world (Ajala, 2010). A number of factors have been responsible for this precarious situation. They range from failure to provide adequate transport, overcrowded buses, poor road infrastructure to environmental pollution and absence of integrated traffic management measures to combat congestion (Okoko, 2006).communication and also long commuting distances.
The unusual features of urban centre whether in developed or developing countries are the concentration of people and actives in the city centre. These features usually lead to over concentration of population and uncontrolled development (Ogunleye, 2001).
Road traffic accidents are complex to analysis as it crosses the boundaries of engineering, geography and human behavior (Mahmud, 2010). And the majorities of G.I.S road accidents studies is focused on particular data or subject like for example the management of ambulance as an emergency scenario (Derekenaries, 2000).
According to cutter (1993), geographical scales important for impact and their reduction. Land use pattern, types of road network local business and activity pattern will influence the system risk in an area (Komba, 2006).
2.1 THE MULTIPLE APPROACHES TO HIGHWAY ACCIDENT
This chapter attempt to provide a contemporary review of all the relevant road accident literature for this research. This is not a particular easy task as a considerable volume of on road accidents and road safety is produced continually in many different languages by many different organizations. In academia the study of road accidents and road safety is undertaken in many different ways in many different faculties and discipline across the engineering and physical sciences and the economic and social sciences, from transport and geography to psychology, media, health, and education. Each discipline tends to focus differently and on particular aspects of the problem yet, each may produce results that are generally interesting and useful.
There are many good studies concerning the geography of road accidents. These began really with Moellering 1984, but it was not until Whitelegg 1986 outlined an agenda for geography of road accidents that much work became published in this area. Whitelegg 1986 is a key, work summarizing many of the related themes, laying down a coherent justification of a geographical approach to the problem, carefully explaining its importance and place and encouraging more of its kind, since this publication, there has been a vast amount of published geographical research focusing on different aspects of the geography of road accidents. In many of the publication arising from this research are reviewed in section 3. Prior to this section 2 introduces various technological issues and refers to research and literature to do with vehicle and infrastructure developments that have the potential to improve road safety.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe major objective of this research is to examine the variation patterns of road traffic accident in Ilorin-Omu- Aran Road, Kwara State. The study used secondary data of Accident records and vehicular situation were obtained from the Nigeria police force (NPF) and Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC). Chapter one of the projects deals and focused majorly on the general introduction which consist of the definition and meaning of road accident the aim and objectives of why t ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 3 ] ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTITLE PAGE APPROVAL PAGE CERTIFICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim and objectives of these project 1.3 Significance of project 1.4 Scope of the project CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 The multiple approaches of highway accidents2.2 Accident Report and Statistics 2.3 A focuses on road layout and road characteristics ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION Road Traffic Accidents are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low-and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 3000 people are killed daily in road traffic accidents globally, with at least 30.000 others inured or disabled, This adds up to over 1 million people killed and between 20-50 million injured or crippled in road traffic crashes each year (Krug et al, 2000). The rising trend in morbidit ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER THREEMETHODOLOGY3.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSISData for the study were mainly obtained from police accident records and were complemented with data from research reports and articles, and national statistical abstracts, and newspapers. The author reviewed the statistics for the years 1970 to 2001, disaggregated by administrative councils. The records contained information on crash severity (either fatal, serious, or minor), categories of road users affected, vehicles involved, a ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION From the table 3.0-3.5, the July month has the highest recorded accident of 21.The total number of fatal accident was estimated as 20, while the total serious accident was recorded as 88, then the minor cases was estimated as 16, within the year of 2013. From the estimate, the accident occurrence is zigzag for it increase and decrease not accordingly but in terms of occurrence. With reference to the statistic information gathered bo ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONFrom the project research work, the recorded accident claims most lives of the passenger compare to the drivers. It can be seen that human, vehicle, environmental and roadways characteristics are salient factors that are responsible for road traffic crashes in South Western Nigeria.It was established that road traffic crashes can be prevented by embarking on various crashes prevention and reduction strategies such as edu ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCES1. Nigeria Police Force (NPF) (1970) “Accident Records.†Federal Capital Territory (FCT)2. Onakomaiya S.O (1988) “unsafe at any speed: towards Road Transportation.†For survival inaugural lecture, university of Ilorin.3. Onakomaiya S.O (1990) “Trends in Nigeria Roads Safety and Accident situation†A paper presented at a conference on accident control4. Gbadamosi K.T (1994) “Spatial Analysis of Road Accidents in Nigeria ... Continue reading---
