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The Effect Of Water/cement Ratio On Compressive Strength Of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete At 1:2:4 Nominal Mix
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1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The increase in construction activities and the consequent increase in the consumption of the available reserve of materials for these activities have led to shortage of natural aggregate in some region of the world. These shortages of conventional aggregate can only be remedied by importation of aggregate from other areas at an increase cost due to high transport charges. Construction industries, therefore, need to consider the possibility of utilizing the vast; un-sighting the idle accumulation of waste namely the palm kernel shell of the palm oil fruit, partially or totally replacing the stone aggregate in concrete will solve problems in managing waste and utilizing the waste as raw material (Bitrus, 2010).
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to determine the effect of water/cement ratio on compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete at 1:2:4 nominal mix. The objectives of the study therefore include the following:
1. To determine the physical properties of palm kernel shell that make it suitable for concrete work in placed of natural aggregate.
2. To produce palm kernel shell concrete at mix ratio 1:2:4 and with water/cement ratios.
3. To characterize palm kernel shell concrete as light weight coarse aggregate for concrete.
4. To determine the 7th, 14th and 21st and 28th day compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete of 1:2:4 mix ratio at varying water/ cement ratio.
5. To develop compressive strength-age relationship of palm kernel shell concrete for the water/ cement.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
1. To make palm kernel shell have an economic value
2. To turn a waste to a re-usable and useful material
3. To reduce pollution
4. To explore an alternative material to the conventional coarse aggregate in order to reducethe high cost of construction
5. To reduce the dead load of a concrete structure
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project work is limited to the procedures involved in determining the effect of water / cement ratio [0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7] on compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete at 1:2:4 nominal mix, bearing in mind the short comings of the existing natural coarse aggregate as well as comparing and aiming at a reasonable conclusion of replacing the former (Natural coarse aggregate) with the latter [palm kernel shell (PKS)].
1.5 METHODOLOGY
For better achievement of this project, the following stages was ensured:
1.5.1 COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
The materials comprises of cement, sand, palm kernel shell and water. Palm kernel shell was obtained from a local palm kernel producing village Oko, Irepodun LGA, Kwara State Nigeria.
1.5.2 PREPARATION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL (PKS)
ï¶ Due to high water absorption of palm kernel shells, it is mandatory to soak the aggregate for about 30 minutes
ï¶ Palm kernel shell is properly washed to remove dust, oil and other mud particles which may be present and stuck to the surface of the palm kernel shells
ï¶ Palm kernel shells are then air dried for about 24 hours and ready for use
1.5.3 Laboratory Test
a. Sieve analysis
b. Specific gravity
c. Water absorption capacity
d. aggregate impact value
e. slump test
f. compressive strength test at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th, day for mix ratio 1:2:4
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT IS COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]The water to cement ratio, or w/c ratio, largely determines the strength and durability of the concrete when it is cured properly. The w/c ratio refers to the ratio of the weights of water and cement used in the concrete mix. A w/c ratio of 0.4 means that for every 100 lbs of cement used in the concrete, 40 lbs of water is added. For ordinary concrete (sidewalks and driveways), a w/c ratio of 0.6 to 0.7 is considered normal. A lower w/c ratio of 0.4 is generally specified if a higher quality con ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 METHODOLOGYFor better achievement of this project, the following stages are ensured:ï¶ COLLECTION OF MATERIALS The materials comprises of cement, sand, palm kernel shell and water. Palm kernel shell was obtained from a local palm kernel producing village Oko, Irepodun LGA, Kwara State Nigeria.ï¶ PREPARATION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL (PKS)Due to high water absorption of palm kernel shells, it is mandatory to soak the aggregate for about 30 minutes. It i ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS4.1 Properties of Palm Kernel Shell {PKS}Results of the study from table 4.1 and figure 4.1 shows that the sieve analysis of PKS and the trend of the percentage cumulative weight retained increases as the sieve sizes decrease. The specific gravity of PKS was found to be 1.37 [Table 4.2] which [Okpala; 1990] classified as light weight aggregate.The water absorption capacity was found to be 10% [Table 4.3]. This value was considered in the design of m ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONi. The result of the physical properties obtained show that PKS can be used as partial or complete aggregate substitution for lightweight structural concrete at 1:2:4 nominal mix.ii. The compression strength increases with advancement of age but decreases with increase in water cement ratios. That is, at w/c ratio of 0.3 the compressive strength is 6.5N/mm2 at 28 days while at w/c ratio of 0.5, it is 3.99N/mm2 at ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCENeville, A.M. (1996). “Properties of Concreteâ€. Longman Group Limited, London.Okafor, F.O. (1988). “Palm Kernel Shell as Aggregate for Concreteâ€. Cement Concrete Research Vol. 18, No 6, pp. 901-910.Okpala, D.C. (1990). “Palm Kernel Shell as a Lightweight Aggregate in concreteâ€. Building and Environment 25, pp. 291-296Olanipekun, E.A., Oluola, K.O., and Ata, O. (2006). “A comparative Study of Concrete Properties Using Coconut Shell and Palm Ker ... Continue reading---
