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Bamboo Leaf Ash As A Partial Replacement Of Cement In Concrete
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 5]
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Separately from industrial waste, ashes from agricultural sources like bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh) rice husk,coconut husk, peanut shell or fiber shell etc. have been used for making cement substitutes. Previously, numerous works have been carried out to look into the various aspects of ashes with pozzolanic behavior locally, and in many parts of the world. These materials have already been known as supplementary cementing materials. It is a well-known fact the increase in the fineness of pozzolanic materials would lead to significant increase in strength. The extremely fine particles in concrete acts as lubricant in the concrete mix and permit a reduction in water content. Thereby, increasing strength.
Little research has been carried out to study the bamboo leaf waste as pozzolanic materials Dwieidi(2006) reported the reaction between calcium hydroxide (CH) and bamboo leaf ash for four hours (4hr) of reaction, using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique.
Ernesto Villar (2010) was represents a characterization and study of the pozzolanic behavior between calcium hydroxide (CH) and bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh) which was also obtained by calcining bamboo lead at 6000c for two hours (2hr) in a laboratory electric furnace. To evaluate the pozzlanic behavior, conductometric method was used which is based on the measurement of the electrical conductivity in a Bash/CH solution with the reaction time.
Felix, et al., (2006) in their research, wood waste, saw dust and wood shaving ash, wood waste ash (WWA) of pretreated timber of 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and 30% by weight of cement was added as a supplement to a concrete of mix proportion 1:2:4, 0.56 cement: sand : coarse aggregate: water cement ratio, and the strengths and the water absorption of the matrix were evaluated. Also, the metal leach ability of WWA was analyzed. The compressive and the flexural strength of WWA concrete was 12.83N/mm2 to 28.66N/mm2 and 3.65N/mm2 to 5.57N/mm2 respectively, with the lowest values obtained at 30% additive level of Ash. Where compared with the strength of plain concrete control, the compressive and flexural strength of WWA concrete were between 62% and 91% and 61% and 98% respectively of the former.
Singh et al (2000) discussed that ecofriendly composite cements may be obtained by partial replacement of Portland cement with certain low cost materials. They studied the hydration of bamboo leaf ash in blended Portland cement. It was concluded that bamboo leaf Ash is an effective pozzolanic materials. When 20 wt.% of bamboo leaf ash was mixed with PPC the compressive strength values of mortars at 28 days of hydration were found to be quite comparable to those of PPC.
Abdullah, M (2005) has studied the behavior of wood ash and ordinary Portland cement concrete, chemical analysis of wood ash, bulk density, sieve analysis and specific gravity of wood ash and aggregates, consistency, setting time and slump test of the fresh paste were conducted to determine the suitability of the materials for concrete making.
Oyekan, (2007) observed that when sugar was added in small quantities to laterized concrete, there was a significant increase in the compressive strength. 0.05% sugar added to a laterized concrete mix containing 25% fine laterite increased the 28 days compressive strength by nearly 17%. When the fine aggregate was wholly fine laterite, a 50% increase in compressive strength was obtained at percentage sugar content (by weight of cement 0.05%).
Ashworth, (1965) in his study on use of sugar as admixture to concrete concluded that the addition of small qualities of sugar to a Portland cement concrete mix made with Portland cement,0.05% sugar retarded the setting time by 4 hours, increased the 7 –day and 28 –day compressive and flexural strength by approximately 8% and even increased the workability of the mix.
2.1 INGREDIENT OF CONCRETE
These are the ingredient of concrete material: Water, aggregate, cement
2.1.1 WATER
Combing water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration. Hydration involves many different reactions often occurring at the same time, as the reaction proceed the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the individual sand and gravel particles, and other components of the paste gives the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and allows it to flow more easily. Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger, more durable concrete while more water will give easier flowing concrete with a higher slump (Arowolo, 2013).
Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems, when setting, or in causing premature failure of the structure. Water used in mixing concrete must be clean and free from oils, alkalis, acids and organic material. Most specification recommends the mixing water be fit for drinking. This is because any water fit for drinking is usually satisfactory for use in mixing concrete but sea water may be used for reinforcement concrete (Arowolo, 2013).
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 5]
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTConcrete is a major construction material, which is usually made by mixing cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate and sometimes admixtures in their right proportions. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this bamboo leaf Ash is used as parti ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLETABLE 3.1 COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUTENT material for BLAsh concrete at 0%,5%,10%,15% and 20% case Table 4.1 The particle size distribution of sharp sand Table 4.2 The Particle Size Distribution of Granite Table 4.3 The Slump Value of The Fresh Concrete Table 4.4 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 7 Days of Curing Table 4.5 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 14 Days of Curing Table 4.6 The Density of the Har ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATES Plate: 3.1 Bamboo Leaf in it Natural Habitat Plate:3.2 Burning of Bamboo Leaf (BLAsh) Plate 3.3 Sieve Analysis Test on BLAsh Plate 3.4 Mixing of Bamboo Leaf Ash with Varying % of Cement, Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate Plate: 3.5 Casting of Concrete Cubes with BLAsh Replacements Plate 3.6 Curing of Concrete Cubes Plate 3.7 Compressive Strength Test on the Concrete Cubes Plate 3.8 Slump of Test of BLAsh Concrete ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGUREFigure 4.1 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Sharp Sand Figure 4.2 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Granite Figure 4.3 Effects of BLAsh Replacement on Concrete with respect to Days Curing ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Table of contentsContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgment Table of contents List of Tables List of Plates List of figure Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2 Aim and objectives 1.3 Justification of the study 1.4 Scope and limitation of the work 1.5 Methodology CHAPTER TWO2.0 Revie ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION Concrete is a composite element consisting of aggregates enclosed in a matrix of cement paste including possible pozzolanic, has two major components-cement paste and aggregates. As a construction material, concrete can be in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. The strength of concrete depends upon the strength of these components, their deformation properties, and the adhesion between the paste and aggr ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 15 ]From the grading curve;WhereThe effective size at 10% percent passing through = D10The effective size at 30% percentage passing = D30The effective size at 60% percentage passing = D60Therefore, D10=0.25um; D30=0.840um, and D60=0.8umCoefficient of uniformity (Cu) = D_60/D_10 = 0.8/0.25 =3.2Coefficient of curvature, Cc = ((D_30)2)/(D_10 x D_60 )=0.5402/0.25x0.8=1.46REMARK: based on the result, the F.M of the sand is 3.1.i.e. coarse sand, coefficient of uniformity is 3.2 and coefficient of curvat ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 10 ]iii. Density of the concrete after 21 days of curing. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONBased on the experimental investigations carried out and results obtained, it is therefore concluded that;• The suitability of using bamboo leaf ash BLA as supplementary cementatious material has been explored.• The compressive strength or ability of fresh bamboo leaf ash content measured by the slump test reduces as the bamboo leaf ash content increases. It is therefore noticed, that bamboo leaf ash c ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAbdullahi, M. (2005); Characteristics of Wood ASH/OPC Concrete, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria (accessed online).Arowolo S.G. (2013); The Study of Compressive Strength on Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement with Bamboo leaf Ash, Final Year Project, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.Bloem, B.L. (1959); Preliminary Tests of Effect of Sugar on Strength of Mortar, National Ready Mixed Concrete ... Continue reading---
