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Bamboo Leaf Ash As A Partial Replacement Of Cement In Concrete
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Mineral admixture in cement and concrete focuses on how to make more workable and durable concrete using mineral admixtures.
Improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking alkali – aggregate expansion and sulphate attack; and to enable a reduction in cement content.
These are;
(i) Bamboo leaf ash (BLASH)
(ii) Fly Ash
(iii) Blast furnace slag (BFS)
(iv) Rice husk Ash (RHA)
(v) Silica fume
(vi) Metakaolin (Oyekan, 2007)
2.2 BAMBOO LEAF ASH
Bamboo are group of woody perennial evergreen plants in the true grass family poaceae, some of its members are giants, forming by far the largest member of grass family. There are 91 general and about 1,000 species of bamboo. There are found in diverse climates, from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. Although bamboo is a grass, many of the larger bamboo are very tree like in appearance and they are sometimes called “bamboo treesâ€. The stems, or culms; can range in height from a few centimeter to 40 metre, with stem diameter ranging from 1mm to 30mm. Bamboo trunks are used for building small bridges; they are preferred for their straightness, strength and salt resistance(Carl, 2007).
Bamboo leaf is agricultural waste products and is available in large quantities in the tropical region of the world, most especially in Africa, Asia and China. Bamboo leaf are not commonly used in the construction industry but are often dumped as agricultural wastes (Dwiedi,2006).
 
2.3 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
2.3.1 FRESH CONCRETE
The properties of a fresh concrete are as follows:
(i) Workability
Workable concrete is the one which exhibit very little internal friction between particles. And which overcomes the frictional resistance offered by the formwork surface or reinforcement contained in the concrete with just the amount of capacity efforts forthcoming. The factor helping concrete to have more lubricating effort to reduce internal friction for helping easy compaction are water content, mix proportions aggregate size grading, surface texture, and shape, and use to admixture (Anne et al, 2004).
(ii) Segregation
Segregation can be defined as the separating of the coarse aggregate from the rest of the mix or the separating of the cement water paste from the aggregate. Segregation generally indicates poor aggregate grading or mix design. If a sample of concrete exhibits a tendency for separation, coarse aggregates from the rest of the ingredients, then, that sample is said to be showing the tendency for segregation. Such concrete is only going to induce all in desirable properties in the hardened concrete (Anne et al, 2004).
(iii) Bleeding
Bleeding is defined as the appearance of water on the surface concrete after it has consolidated but before it is set. This is a type of segregation. Where water appears at the concrete surface after compacting. Bleeding is predominantly observed in a highly wet mix, badly proportioned and insufficiently mixed concrete (Anne et al, 2004)
Setting time for concrete. Setting time for concrete differs widely from setting time of cement. This depends upon the water cement (w/c) ratio, temperature conditions, types of cement, use of mineral admixture use of plasticizer in particular retarding plasticizer (Anne et al, 2004).
2.3.2 HARDENED CONCRETE
Strength of the hardened concrete is its most important property. However, for aggressive exposure condition durability, volume stability, and impermeability, may be equally important. The general assumption is that an improvement in concrete strength will improve its properties as well, except many important exceptions; for example, an increase in cement content that may be intended to increase the strength may also increase the amounts of shrinkage and creep.
Strength properties of hardened concrete are outlined as follows:
(i) Compressive strength
(ii) Tensile strength
(iii) Bond strength
(iv) Impact strength
(v) Fatigue strength
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTConcrete is a major construction material, which is usually made by mixing cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate and sometimes admixtures in their right proportions. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this bamboo leaf Ash is used as parti ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLETABLE 3.1 COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUTENT material for BLAsh concrete at 0%,5%,10%,15% and 20% case Table 4.1 The particle size distribution of sharp sand Table 4.2 The Particle Size Distribution of Granite Table 4.3 The Slump Value of The Fresh Concrete Table 4.4 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 7 Days of Curing Table 4.5 the Density of the Hardened Concrete after 14 Days of Curing Table 4.6 The Density of the Har ... Continue reading---
LIST OF PLATES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF PLATES Plate: 3.1 Bamboo Leaf in it Natural Habitat Plate:3.2 Burning of Bamboo Leaf (BLAsh) Plate 3.3 Sieve Analysis Test on BLAsh Plate 3.4 Mixing of Bamboo Leaf Ash with Varying % of Cement, Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate Plate: 3.5 Casting of Concrete Cubes with BLAsh Replacements Plate 3.6 Curing of Concrete Cubes Plate 3.7 Compressive Strength Test on the Concrete Cubes Plate 3.8 Slump of Test of BLAsh Concrete ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGUREFigure 4.1 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Sharp Sand Figure 4.2 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Granite Figure 4.3 Effects of BLAsh Replacement on Concrete with respect to Days Curing ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Table of contentsContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgment Table of contents List of Tables List of Plates List of figure Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2 Aim and objectives 1.3 Justification of the study 1.4 Scope and limitation of the work 1.5 Methodology CHAPTER TWO2.0 Revie ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION Concrete is a composite element consisting of aggregates enclosed in a matrix of cement paste including possible pozzolanic, has two major components-cement paste and aggregates. As a construction material, concrete can be in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. The strength of concrete depends upon the strength of these components, their deformation properties, and the adhesion between the paste and aggr ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 15 ]From the grading curve;WhereThe effective size at 10% percent passing through = D10The effective size at 30% percentage passing = D30The effective size at 60% percentage passing = D60Therefore, D10=0.25um; D30=0.840um, and D60=0.8umCoefficient of uniformity (Cu) = D_60/D_10 = 0.8/0.25 =3.2Coefficient of curvature, Cc = ((D_30)2)/(D_10 x D_60 )=0.5402/0.25x0.8=1.46REMARK: based on the result, the F.M of the sand is 3.1.i.e. coarse sand, coefficient of uniformity is 3.2 and coefficient of curvat ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 10 ]iii. Density of the concrete after 21 days of curing. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONBased on the experimental investigations carried out and results obtained, it is therefore concluded that;• The suitability of using bamboo leaf ash BLA as supplementary cementatious material has been explored.• The compressive strength or ability of fresh bamboo leaf ash content measured by the slump test reduces as the bamboo leaf ash content increases. It is therefore noticed, that bamboo leaf ash c ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAbdullahi, M. (2005); Characteristics of Wood ASH/OPC Concrete, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria (accessed online).Arowolo S.G. (2013); The Study of Compressive Strength on Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement with Bamboo leaf Ash, Final Year Project, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.Bloem, B.L. (1959); Preliminary Tests of Effect of Sugar on Strength of Mortar, National Ready Mixed Concrete ... Continue reading---
