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The Effect Of Sodium Sulphate Contamination On Engineering Properties Of Lateritic Soil
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Laterites covers have mostly a thickness of a few meters but occasionally they can be much thicker in which their formation is favorable by a slight relieve which prevent erosion of the surface covers (Complier, 1994)
2.1.2 FORMATION OF LATERITIC SOILS
Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminum, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterite are mostly red because of iron oxide (Khmer, 1984).
The soil called laterite is formed as a result of process called laterization in soil which occur in the region where the atmospheric temperature is varied with very high annual rainfall. During heavy rainfall, iluviates into lower layers leaving only iron and aluminum as the upper layer which gives honey comb structures that is, porous nature, the pore is the space where the removed silicon particles existed. The degree of laterization is estimated by calculating the ratio of silicon to sesqui-oxides that is, Si(Fe 203-Al 203) in the soil (Jeyabaskaran, 2010).
2.1.3 PROFILES OF LATERITIC SOILS
A lateritic soil characterized by the presence of the three major horizons below the humus stained topsoil. These horizons include
• The sequence rich laterite horizon(sometimes gravelly and or hardened in situ as crust)
• The molted zone with guidance of enrichment of sesquioxide.
• The pallid or leached zone (rock suffering chemical and mineralogical charge, but retaining physical appearance overlaying the parent rock) (olawole 2013)
The classification properties and composition of lateritic soil, developed on tertiary basalt southeast have been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the soil comprises of kaolinite, quarzt, gibbisite and heamatite. Chemical analysis showed there were no amorphous materials present in the soil. The result of electron scanning microscopy revealed that sesquioxide coat and bind the clayed constituent of the lateritic soil into porous micro aggregations (khmer 1984).
Analysis of the grain size distribution and other physical properties indicated that the soil was not homogenous within the laterite zone. Atterbergâ€s limit test results for soil plotted anomalously below the casangrade –A- line and there were significant differences between the values of plasticity index determined for air dried compared with over dried (Sherwood,1992).
2.1.4 IMPROVEMENT OF LATERITIC SOILS.
Today due to the increasing population and also development of construction industry, having sufficient knowledge and information about the methods of improving the current surface soils for use in various construction projects is an essential issue for a Geotechnical Engineer the technology for soil improvement is one of the most trustable and practical ways. It is also economically viable to increase the resistance of soil, soil strength, soil permeability as well as to limit water absorption, control soil erosion, losing water and water seepage and soil settlement using soil improvement techniques rather than using other methods, such replacing or adding reinforced soil, either in term of performance and ease of work and from an economic aspect and the speed of work, is thus justifiable (Goodarzi, 2006).
Nowadays, Engineers in construction industries, particularly in the geotechnical sector, use improving soil technologies in many areas such as in rod construction and building retaining structures and the related materials especially in the foundation of buildings and to improve the coastal areas for construction.
Soil stabilization is the process of improving the physical and engineering properties of a soil to obtain some predetermined targets (Elizadeh, 2010). It operates in various forms such as mechanical, biological, physical, chemical and electrical. Majorly the choice of a stabilizing
Method should be based on the following key factors:
- Genetics characteristics
- Particle size distribution
- Mineralogical composition of the soil and
- Organic matter and physical, chemical characteristics of the soil.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 3 ] ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTIONSoil is the cheapest and the most widely used material in civil engineering project as foundation material either in its natural or improved form. It is highly heterogeneous and an isotopic in nature and existing with different engineering properties which can be influenced to some extend by the presence of sodium salts under the influences of water (Olawale, 2013). ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]PROCEDURES• Liquid limit: A sample weighing 200g from the material passing the 300um BS test sieve was taken.• The sample was placed on flat glass plate and mix thoroughly with distilled water using the palette knife unit the mass becomes a thick homogonous paste.• The paste was allowed to stand in air tight container for about 24hours to allow the water permeate throughout the soil mass.• Curing was applied to where applicable and remix for about ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 16 ]CHAPTER FOURRESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION4.1 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONThe result of the particle size distribution “sieve analysis†of the sample is analyzed and presented in the table and figure below. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.1 CONCLUSION From the investigations carried out on this work, the following conclusions are made: The laterite sample is classified as Sand Gravel soil according to AASHTO classification system and it is a good sub grade and sub-base material for Civil Engineering construction.The liquid test for unstabilized laterite is 60.31% and for the stabilized of 20% is 50.16,30 % is 46.9% and for 40% is 45.05 and plastic limits test for unstabilized laterite is 36.62% and ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAbabio, O.Y. (1996), New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School (2nd edition), Longman publisher, Erands, LondonAbraham, J. (1992), “Introduction to Soil Mechanics†(3rd edition), Macmillan INC, New York.Agbede, O. and osunmolale O. (1997), “All AboutSulphate Salt†Retrieved 2009-10-31â€. From www.ifgworld.org. Agbede, O. and Osunolale O. (2003), “Effect of Ph Contamination on Engineering Properties of Lateritic Soilâ€. Final Year Project i ... Continue reading---
