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The Effects Of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash As Suplementary Cementitious Material In Production Of Concrete
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concrete
Concrete is an artificial engineering material made from a mix of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate which contains a negligible amount of air void. (Adebayo, 2012) defined concrete as a construction material produced by mixing a cementing material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water in a designed or prescribes proportion (Duggal, 2008) define concrete as a material resulting from the combination of binders (cement and lime), fine aggregate (sharp sand and quarry dust), Coarse aggregate (granite or gravel), water and sometimes admixture (to produce concrete with special properties) which after setting and cured sufficiently, harden like stone due to chemical reaction taking place between water and binding materials.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world (Idagu et al., 2016). It is the most utilized artificial material and only second to water as the most used material in the world. This makes concrete a material of structural importance (Fadele and Ata, 2016); (Ghabir, 2006); (Olutoge, 2012) stated that concrete is the impetus of infrastructural development of any nation. Durable properties of concrete include its strength, economy and durability. Concrete is generally a poor tensile member but good in compression. Its tensional strength can be increased by reinforcing it with steel bar thus becoming a “reinforced concrete†(Usman et al., 2012).
2.2 Properties of Concrete
2.2.1 Fresh properties
Workability of concrete is the property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, Consolidated and finished as defined by ACI Standard 116R-90 (ACI 1990b). ASTM defines it as that property determining the effort required to manipulate a freshly mixed quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity. The workability of concrete depends on Some factors such as Slump and compacting factor. Slumps, when measured, are generally less than ¾ in. (20 mm), although slumps as high as 2 in. (50 mm) have been used (Paul et al., 2004). For quality control or quality assurance, unit weight or bulk density is the preferred measurement because some fresh concrete properties, such as slump, are not meaningful for pervious concrete (Paul et al., 2004).
2.2.2 Hardened properties
The properties of hardened concrete include density and porosity, permeability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and shrinkage. Its density depends on the properties and proportions of materials used, and on the compaction procedures used in placement. The permeability depends on the materials and placing operations.
2.3 Components of Concrete
2.3.1 Ordinary Portland Cement
Cement is any substance which binds together other materials by a combination of chemical processes known collectively as setting (Momen, 2015). The cement paste acts as glue which makes a cohesive mass with all the aggregates. The cement binds other aggregate together and makes it responsible for strength generation in concrete when water is added through hydration process. (Aderinola et al., 2014).
2.3.2 Aggregates
Different types of aggregates exhibit different strength, permeability and geometry stability due to different mineral composition, grain sizes, types of formation texture and location of the aggregates. (Aderinola et al., 2014).
2.3.3 Water
The purpose of using water is to cause hydration of the cement. (Duggal, 2008). Correct proportion of water-cement ratio is needed as too much water may lead to segregation and otherwise, harsh concrete may be produced. Water to cementitious materials ratios between 0.27 to 0.30 are used routinely with proper inclusion of chemical admixtures, and those as high as 0.34 and 0.40 have been used successfully (Paul et al., 2004)
2.3.4 Admixtures
An admixture is a material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cements used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the batch immediately before or during mixing, Addition of admixture may alter workability, strength developments, appearance etc. in fresh concrete and permeability, strength, durability etc. in hardened concrete (Kamran, 2015)
2.4 Cement
Cement is a fine grey powder which when reacted with water hardens to form a rigid chemical mineral structure which holds the aggregates together acting as glue and gives concrete its strengths. The credit for its discovery is given to the Romans, who mixed lime (CaCO3) with volcanic ash, producing a cement mortar which was used during construction of such impressive structures as the Colosseum (Hewlett and Lea's, 2004) (Naik et al; 2000) also reported that the world cement clinker production was approximately 1.6 billion ton. The consumption of cement correlates to the economic development of a country as a base for new building, factories and infrastructures which are the root of development. As a result of this cement manufacturing has increased sharply in those developing countries.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTSugarcane Bagasse is the fibrous residue leftover when sugarcane is squeezed for its juice. Bagasse ash is obtained by subjecting Bagasse to calcinations using furnace. This work is aimed tat using Bagasse Ash as a replacement in the production of concrete.The bagasse was collected from dumped in a market in Kano and thereafter sun-drie to eliminate any trace of moisture. It was then taken to the blast furnace for calcinations(controlled burning) at a temperature of 1250OC for 25minutes. ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLETable 2.1 Typical composition of ordinary Portland cement Table 2.2 Chemical Requirement for pozzolan Table 3.2 Mix proportion for the concrete work Table 4.1 Physical properties of cement and Bagasse ash Table 4.2 Chemical composition of cement and SBA Table 4.3 Grain Size distribution for bagasse ash and OPC Cement Table 4.4 Sieve analysis results for fine aggregate Table 4.5 Sieve analysis results for coarse aggregate Table 4.6 Concrete Slum ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGUREFigure 3.1 Diagram of sugarcane Bagasse ash Figure 4.1 Graph for gradation of Bagasse ash and cement Figure 4.2 Graph for sieve analysis of fine aggregate Figure 4.3 Graph for sieve analysis of coarse aggregate Figure 4.4 Concrete Slump Test Figure 4.4.1 Average Compressive Strength ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTTitled page Certification Dedication Acknowledgment Abstract Table of content List of Table List of Figure CHAPTER ONE: PREAMBLE 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Statement of problem 1.3 Aims and Objective 1.4 Justification 1.5 Scope of the study CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Concrete 2.2 Properties of Concrete 2.2.1 Fresh properties 2.2.2 Hardened prope ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Preamble Concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the world. It is basically composed of two components: paste and aggregates. The paste which acts as binder contains cement, water and occasionally admixtures; the aggregate contains sand and gravel or crushed stone (Naik and Moriconi, 2003). The aggregate are relatively inert filler materials which occupy 70% to 80% of concrete and can therefore be expected to have influence on its prope ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]The ash was then taken to the Engineering Development Institute in Akure for the chemical analysis using EDX3600 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer technology to conduct fast and accurate analysis of the bagasse ash composition and other related tests. 3.2.3 Test on Baggash and cement3.2.3.1 Fineness test Finess simply implies how fine the particle of cement is to touch. It can be determined by Blair air method, Wagner turbid meter and dry sieve method. Fineness of the bagasse as ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Table 4.2.3 Sieve analysis results for coarse aggregate4.2.2 Results For Sieve Analysis Of Coarse AggregateThe Fine Modulus for Coarse Aggregate is 7.07 which falls within the range (6.5 to 8.00) as specified by ASTM C 33. Hence the soil is classified as Coarse Aggregate. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 CONCLUSIONThe effects of sugar cane bagasse ash as supplementary cementations material in production of concrete was studied and after the research work was carried out, the following conclusions1. The chemical composition test reveals that the bagasse ash can be classified as pozzolana.2. The workability of concrete containing bagasse ash decreases slightly as the bagasse ash content increases w ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAbebe Dinku, The need for standardization of aggregates for concrete production in Ethiopian construction industry, Addis Ababa University department of civil engineering, may 2005.ACI Committee 232, “Use of Fly Ash in Concrete,†ACI Document 232.2R, Farmington Hills, MI, 1996. Abdolkarim Abbasi and Amin Zargar,†Using Baggase Ash in Concrete as Pozzolanâ€, Middle-East Journalof Scientific Research 13 (6):2013 pp716-719.ce Aderinola, O.S., Olofinsae, T.O ... Continue reading---
