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The Effects Of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash As Suplementary Cementitious Material In Production Of Concrete
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2.6.1 Fly ash
Fly ash is a combustion by product generated in coal-burning power plants. It is fine particulate residue removed by a dust collection system. Approximately 40 millions ton of fly ash are produced annually in the United states( ACI Committee 232, 1996). Fly ash particle are spherical particles ranging from 1-150mm in diameter. ASTM C613 categorizes fly ash as either the class C or class F based on the origin of the coal used and the resulting fly ash chemical composition. Class F is a low calcium fly ash and pozzolanic, while class C fly ash exhibit both pozollanic and cementitious properties because of its high calcium content. The use of fly ash provides improved workability, increase long term compressive strength, reduce heat of hydration, decreased cost and increase resistance to alkali-silica reaction and sulfate resistance (Class F only) when compared to unblended portland cement. The use of fly ash is a net reduction of the amount of cement used and a corresponding reduction in the amount of carbondioxide emitted. The consistent requirement of the ash distributor to maintain the level of carbon in ash to below five percent will ensure that the ash producer increase burning efficiency and result in increase lite of ash dam.
In the past the major benefit has always been that the net cost of the cement has been reduced and this has always been the argument for the use of pozzolans.
Fly ash based concrete easily replaces ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and provides additional advantages for practically all type of construction applications-commercial, residential, foundation, beam, slab etc. It is especially recommended for mass concreting work and where soil condition and the prevalling environment take heavy toll of construction made with ordinary cement.
Due to its inherent characteristics, fly ash based PPC make very corrosion resistant concrete that is superior to concrete made with OPC. It is more impermeable to Oxygen, carbondioxide chlorides etc. leaching of alkalis is reduced and the alkaline environment around the steel is maintained.
2.6.2 Lime stone
Limestone functions as a supplementary cementing material when it is finely ground with clinker into Portland cement. Lime stone is calcereous sedimentary rock formed at the bottom of lakes and seas with the accumulation of shells, bones and other calcium rich goods. It is composed of calcite (CaCo3). The organic matter upon which settles in lakes or sea are preserved as fossils. The limestone used act as basic binding material.
2.6.3 Condensed silica Fume
Condensed silica fume is a by-product of the smelting process in the silicon metal and ferroilcon industry. Silica fume is produced when SiO Vapors, produced from the reduction of quartz to silicon, condense. In the united states, approximately 100 thousand tons of silica fume is generated annually (Mehta, 1989) silica fume particles are spherical with an average diameter of 1mm and contain approximately 90% silicondioxide with trace of Iron, magnesium and alkali oxides.
(Yogendran et al; 1987) studied the efficiency of silica fume in concrete at different water cement ratio. They conclude that in high strength concrete the optimum replacement of cement by silica fume for concrete 50 to 70 MPa at 28days is 15%.
(Li and chung, 1998) studies the treatment of silica fume with sulfuric acid prior to incorporation in cement matrix. The results revealed that increase tensile strength by 12% ductility by 57%, tensil modulus by 80-120% loss tangent by 30.8% and flexural loss modulus by 160-300%.
(Vagelis,1999), measured the development of the strength porosity and calcium hydroxide content by conducting series of experiments adding silica fume to mortar and replacement of cement by silica fume. Adding of silica fume in both cases gave higher strength than the control mixture.
2.7 Bagasse
According to Econnect Communication, Bagasse is the fibrous residue leftover when sugarcane is squeezed for its juice. Australia’s sugar industries have used bagasse to meet its electricity and heat requirements for over 100 years. Today, bagasse is a major contributor in bioenergy sector accounting for 60% of Australia’s dedicated bioenergy capacity (Clean Energy Council). The Clean Energy Council’s fact sheet outline the benefits of bagasse, claims that using bagasse to generate heat and electricity at sugar mills offer many unique benefits. If bagasse were left to rot, it will breakdown and release greenhouse gases, particularly methane, which is 27 times more dangerous to the Ozone than Carbon-dioxide.
Many ways were suggested to increase the compliance of the industry to the demand of sustainable development. Increased use of supplementary cementitious material; increase reliance on recycled materials improve sustainability and mechanical property and reuse of wash water are some of the methods.
The reduction of Portland cement in concrete can be achieved by replacing it with different supplementary cemmentitious materials which are by product of other industry. Fly ash silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag etc. have been used for this purpose successfully.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTSugarcane Bagasse is the fibrous residue leftover when sugarcane is squeezed for its juice. Bagasse ash is obtained by subjecting Bagasse to calcinations using furnace. This work is aimed tat using Bagasse Ash as a replacement in the production of concrete.The bagasse was collected from dumped in a market in Kano and thereafter sun-drie to eliminate any trace of moisture. It was then taken to the blast furnace for calcinations(controlled burning) at a temperature of 1250OC for 25minutes. ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLETable 2.1 Typical composition of ordinary Portland cement Table 2.2 Chemical Requirement for pozzolan Table 3.2 Mix proportion for the concrete work Table 4.1 Physical properties of cement and Bagasse ash Table 4.2 Chemical composition of cement and SBA Table 4.3 Grain Size distribution for bagasse ash and OPC Cement Table 4.4 Sieve analysis results for fine aggregate Table 4.5 Sieve analysis results for coarse aggregate Table 4.6 Concrete Slum ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGUREFigure 3.1 Diagram of sugarcane Bagasse ash Figure 4.1 Graph for gradation of Bagasse ash and cement Figure 4.2 Graph for sieve analysis of fine aggregate Figure 4.3 Graph for sieve analysis of coarse aggregate Figure 4.4 Concrete Slump Test Figure 4.4.1 Average Compressive Strength ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTTitled page Certification Dedication Acknowledgment Abstract Table of content List of Table List of Figure CHAPTER ONE: PREAMBLE 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Statement of problem 1.3 Aims and Objective 1.4 Justification 1.5 Scope of the study CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Concrete 2.2 Properties of Concrete 2.2.1 Fresh properties 2.2.2 Hardened prope ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Preamble Concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the world. It is basically composed of two components: paste and aggregates. The paste which acts as binder contains cement, water and occasionally admixtures; the aggregate contains sand and gravel or crushed stone (Naik and Moriconi, 2003). The aggregate are relatively inert filler materials which occupy 70% to 80% of concrete and can therefore be expected to have influence on its prope ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]The ash was then taken to the Engineering Development Institute in Akure for the chemical analysis using EDX3600 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer technology to conduct fast and accurate analysis of the bagasse ash composition and other related tests. 3.2.3 Test on Baggash and cement3.2.3.1 Fineness test Finess simply implies how fine the particle of cement is to touch. It can be determined by Blair air method, Wagner turbid meter and dry sieve method. Fineness of the bagasse as ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Table 4.2.3 Sieve analysis results for coarse aggregate4.2.2 Results For Sieve Analysis Of Coarse AggregateThe Fine Modulus for Coarse Aggregate is 7.07 which falls within the range (6.5 to 8.00) as specified by ASTM C 33. Hence the soil is classified as Coarse Aggregate. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 CONCLUSIONThe effects of sugar cane bagasse ash as supplementary cementations material in production of concrete was studied and after the research work was carried out, the following conclusions1. The chemical composition test reveals that the bagasse ash can be classified as pozzolana.2. The workability of concrete containing bagasse ash decreases slightly as the bagasse ash content increases w ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAbebe Dinku, The need for standardization of aggregates for concrete production in Ethiopian construction industry, Addis Ababa University department of civil engineering, may 2005.ACI Committee 232, “Use of Fly Ash in Concrete,†ACI Document 232.2R, Farmington Hills, MI, 1996. Abdolkarim Abbasi and Amin Zargar,†Using Baggase Ash in Concrete as Pozzolanâ€, Middle-East Journalof Scientific Research 13 (6):2013 pp716-719.ce Aderinola, O.S., Olofinsae, T.O ... Continue reading---
