-
The Effect Of Antidiabetic Agent Glibenclamide And Meltformine On Lipids And Glycated Haemoglobin In Type 2 Diabetes Patient Attending Uith Ilorin
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 11]
Page 5 of 11
-
-
-
Lipids are easily stored in the body; they serve as a source of fuel and are important constituent of structure of cells. Lipids have high energy content and are metabolized to release calories. They also act as electrical insulator where they insolent nerve axons. Lipids include fatty acid, neutral fat, waxes and steroids like cortisome (Guan et al., 2008).
Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules, the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allow them to form structures such as vesicles, multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment. A biological lipid originates entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunit or “building blocksâ€: Ketoacyl and isoprene groups using this approach. Lipids may be devided into eight categories: Fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipds, spingolipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides (derived from condensation of ketoacyl subunits as sterol lipids and penol lipids derived from condensation of isoprene subunit) (Fahy et al., 2009).
Although the term is sometimes used as a synonym for fat. Fat are a subgroup of lipids called glycerides. Lipids also encompass molecules such as fatty acid and their derivatives (including tri-, di-, monosacharides and phospholipids) as well as other sterol containing metabolites such as cholesterol although human and other mammals use various biosynthetic pathways both to break down and to synthesize lipids, some essential lipids cannot remain this way and must be obtained from the diet (Vance et al., 2003).
2.4.1 CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol from the Ancient Greek chole-(bile) and stereos (solids) followed by the chemical suffix-ol for an alcohol, is an organic molecule. It is a strerol (or modified steroid), a lipid molecule and is biosynthesize by all animal cell because it is an essential structural component of all animal (not plant or bacteria) cell membranes that is required to maintain both membrane structural integrity and fluidity (Wengartner et al., 2011).
Cholesterol enables animal cell to dispense to a cell wall to protect membrane integrity and cell viability thus allowing animal cells to change shape and animals to move (unlike bacteria and plant cells which are restricted by their cell wall). In addition to its important for all cell structure, cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and bile acid, cholesterol is the principal sterol synthesize by all animals. In vertebrate the hepatic cells typically produce greater amount than other cells. It is absent among prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) although there are some exceptions such as mycoplasma, which require cholesterol for growth (Espenshade et al., 2007). François poulleitier de la salle first identified cholesterol in sterol form in gall stones in 1759. However, it was not until 1815 that chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul named the compound “cholesterine†(Tymoczko et al., 2010).
However, ingested cholesterol has little effect on body cholesterol because (a) cholesterol in food is poorly absorbed and (b) any changes in intake are compensated for by alternation in internal body production. The reason that high animal food intake does not result in high cholesterol values in addition, cholesterol ingested though transported in extracellular water (like all fats) within lipoproteins, does not significantly alter lipoproteins concentrations in unhealthy ways such as carbohydrate commonly do. Most ingested cholesterol is esterified, and esterified cholesterol is poorly absorbed. The body also compensates for any absorption of additional cholesterol by reducing cholesterol synthesis for these reason cholesterols in food 7-10 hours after ingestion, has little if any effect on concentration of cholesterol in the blood. However, during the first 7 hours after ingestion of cholesterol, as absorbed fats are being distributed around the body within extracellular water by the various lipoproteins (which transport all fats in the water outside cells) the concentration increase (Dubois et al., 2005).
It is also important to recognize however, that the concentration measured in the blood plasma of samples vary with the measurement methods used. Traditional, simpler and cheaper methods do not reflect (a) lipoproteins in which the various fat molecules are being transported or (b) lipoproteins which cells are ingesting, burning or exporting the fat molecules being measured as total form samples blood plasma (Behrman et al., 2005).
Cholesterol is recycled in the body. The liver excretes it in a non-esterified form (via bile) into the digestive tract. Typically, 50% of the excreted cholesterol is reabsorbed by the small bowel back into the blood stream. Plants make cholesterol in very small amounts. Plants manufacture phytosterols (substances chemically similar to cholesterol produced within plants), which can compete with cholesterol for reabsorption in the intestinal tract, thus potential reducing cholesterol reabsorption. When intestinal lining cells absorb phytosterols in place of cholesterol they usually excrete the phytosterol molecules back into the gastrointestinal tract an important protective mechanism. Major dietary sources of cholesterol include cheese, egg yolks, beef, pork, poultry, fish and shrimp. Human breast milk also contains significant qualities of cholesterol from a dietary prospective, because plant cells do not manufacture, it is not found in plant based food (Stenson et al., 2012).
CHAPTER TWO -- [Total Page(s) 11]
Page 5 of 11
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract Is Coming Soon ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX IQUESTIONAIRE TO ACCESS THE ANTHROPOLOGIC INDICES OF PATIENTS WITH TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS ON ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS (METFORMIN AND GLIBENCLAMIDE) ATTENDING UITH ILORIN.INTRODUCTION: I am a final year students of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State. This questionnaire is aimed at accessing the demographic indices of patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus on metformin and diabinese in Ilorin metropolis ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Step 2100µl of the supernatant was dispensed into the clean test tubes respectively.2ml of the cholesterol reagent was addedIt was incubated at room temperature for 10minsAbsorbance of sample against reagent blank was measured at 505nmGlycated HaemoglobinGlycated Haemoglobin is a form of haemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the three-month average plasma glucose concentration. The test is limited to a three-month average.ProcedureReagentsBlank(µl) samp ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]The present study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of glibenclamide and metformin on prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients.1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMTo know if antidiabetic agents glibenclamide and meltformine has any effect on lipid and glycated haemoglobin in type 2 diabetes patients1.3 AIM OF STUDYTo evaluate the effect of antidiabetic agent glibenclamide and meltformine on lipids and glycated haemoglobin in type 2 diabetes patient attendi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER THREE3.1 Material and Method3.2 Study AreaThe study was carried out at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State. The hospital is located at the State capital of Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. It is a referral center to other public and private hospitals within and outside the state.3.3 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATIONThere was a random selection of ninety (90) subjects, 60 were type 2 Diabetes mellitus individual using either one or combine antidiabetic agent (glibe ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Tables 4.6: Correlation of Duration in Diabetes and BMI with biochemical parameters (T. cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein, Low Density Lipoprotein, triglycerides, glycated, and fasting blood sugar) in Diabetic patient using antidiabetic drugs (Metformin and Glianpride). ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSIONThe study shows discrepant results about the influence of metformin on lipid profile (10). Some studies, in agreement with ours, reported reduction only in TC levels (Grant, 1996; Ginsberg et al., 1999), while others reported reduction of TC and TG with an increase of HDL-C (Robinson et al., 1998; Yki-Jarvinen et al., 1999). Still other studies showed no changes in lipid profile (Groop et al., 1998; Rains et al., 1998). Another investigation showed an association of met ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Rodger, W. (2012). Sulphonylureas and heart disease in diabetes management. Diabetes Spectrum. Pg. 12–27.Rosenbaum, M. and Leibel, R. L. (2014). Role of leptin in energy homeostasis in humans. Journal of Endocrinology. 223(1): 83-96.Rowley, D.E. and Bezold, D.C. (2012). Using new insulin strategies in the outpatient treatment of diabetes: clinical applications. Journal of American Medical Association. Pg. 289.Shaw, D., De Rosa, N. and Di Maro, G. (2010). Metformin improves glucose, lipid ... Continue reading---
