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Prevalence Of And Motivation For Drug Abuse
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Identify the possible warning signs of student substance abuse: This is the counsellor’s ability to recognize drug abuse symptoms in client. Nunes & Parson (1995) presented symptoms to be identified with clients with drug abuse. Risk attributes, if unopposed by protective factors, that predict or precipitate substance abuse included, a poor parent-child relationship; psychiatric disorders, especially depression; a tendency to seek novel experience or take risks; family members and peers who use substances; low academic motivation; absence of religion/religiousity; early cigarette use; low self-esteem; being raised in a single parent or blended family; and engaging in health compromising behaviours. Martin, Kaczynski, Maisto, Buskstein, & Moss, (1995) also concluded that alcohol related black-outs, craving, and risky sexual behaviour are common adolescents alcohol abuse issues. Counsellor should be well alerted about the mentioned symptoms of drug abuse in clients for early intervention with the client and his family before it becomes more severe.
Work with the young person to established a therapeutic relationship: Having identified the symptoms, it is required that a counsellor be versed in counselling skills to be able to help the client with abuse or prevent them from being victim. A therapeutic relationship is established when a counsellor is honest, accommodating and respect the worth and dignity of the client. Shertzer & Stone (1980) noted that integrity of the person must be present in the helping relationship. In this relationship, both parties must be very honest to each other. They must trust each other and be authentic, reliable in their interaction with each other. That is the only way which their relationship can be of help they concluded. This implies that a counsellor must possess personality characteristics that attract response from people and propel them towards change.
Support the family system to promote change: The system approach suggests that no man lives in isolation but rather exist within a particular family and his interaction within and outside the family is a potent tool to noticing drug abuse problems. Doerries & Foster (1996) opined that systems thinking is a way of conceptualizing problem that uses circular reasoning to evaluate interaction patterns within a system and between systems. This implies that individuals play their part in the way family function and in surfacing problem. It is therefore important for a school counsellor to consider the whole family systems in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the dysfunction. Haley, (1980) suggested that the substance abusing family has become “stuck†at one stage of development in the teen drug abuse but rather in the failure of the system to successfully negotiate the stage requiring mutual disengagement of parent and young person. System theory postulates that a change in the function of an individual is followed by compensatory change in other family members (Bowen, 1974; Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2000).
Be a resource and liaison between the student, the family, the school and community agencies and treatment programme: Counsellor is in the position of providing crisis intervention and referrals, organizing a parent education classes at the school he engaged, offering parent-child-teacher-school counsellor conferences during hours that match parent’s work schedule. The school counsellor should be visible and available at after-school activities and coordination of other activities designed to increase parental involvement.
Consulting parents on children’s behavioural problem provide valuable information for a counsellor as regards the fight and symptoms of drug abuse and intervention procedure. Mc Laughlin and Vacha (1993) stated that school counsellors are in a unique position to bridge the gap between families, community institutions and programmes, the school, and students by functioning both as a resource and liaison. Although, parents may be blind to their children maladaptive behavior, the counsellor should thus approach them in un-confrontational manner without blaming them. One method of managing this difficult interaction is to emphasize the positive. Reframing or rebelling the adolescent’s behaviour in a positive fashion may make the uncomfortable topic of substance abuse less threatening for the parents to hear (Haley, 1976). The focus needs to be on facilitating future change, rather than on past behaviours or experiences.
The follow up services: A therapeutic relationship is essential in providing ongoing support. It takes a great commitment from a school counsellor to maintain foundation of support and a linkage between the adolescents and the systems in which he/she functions despite his/her schedule. Rogers’ (1959) stated that conditions of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding can support future work with the young person within the system contexts of the individuals in the family, the school, and possible community agencies. If a therapeutic relationship is not established, the counsellor’s likelihood of encountering future resistance in interactions and/or interventions is increased (Miller & Rollnick, 1991; Miller, Zweban, Diclemente, & Rychtarik (1995); Sommer-F. & Sommers-F., 1997).
Follow-up also involves liaison services when a student returns to school after substance abuse treatment. The school counsellor can be integral in providing continuing liaison services between the treatment programme after care services, the family, the school, and other professionals and systems that may be involved (e.g, the courts and legal system). Bowen (1974) noted that “family systems therapy†offers no magic solution for the total problem but the theory does provide a different way to conceptualize the problem.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONCOUNSELLOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENTPrevalence of and Motivation for Drug Abuse Questionnaire (PMDAQ)Dear Respondent, This instrument is designed to elicit information on the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Your sincere responses to each of the items will be highly appreciated as all information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and be used strictly for the re ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]The American Psychiatric Association (2010) referred to substance abuse as maladaptive patterns of substance use leading to clinical significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12 month period: recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home; recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous; recurrent substance related legal problems; continued substance ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Pilot Testing The pilot testing is used to determine the usability
of an instrument. To establish this, the instrument was administered to
ten students of the University of Ilorin, which did not form part of the
final respondents of the instrument. After administration, the
researcher interacted with the respondents, recorded their observation
about the instruments and effect necessary corrections.Psychometric Properties of the InstrumentAn instrument is considered appropriate when i ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Hypothesis Three:There is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Table 7 indicates that the calculated t-value of 1.51 is less than the critical t- value of 1.96 at 0.05 alpha level. This indicates that there is no significant difference. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Hypothesi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Still on the basis of age, the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions was accepted as no significant difference was found. It then indicates that respondents’ age has no influence in their motivation for drug abuse. Irrespective of their different age brackets, they tend to be motivated towards drug abuse by peer pressure, in order to work better and experiment how it works. The finding thus supports that of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]REFERENCESAaron, K., Robert, L., Reische, D., Barbara, V., Waggoner, S. & Wagger, H.(1982). Understanding health. New Jersey: Random House Visual Education Corporation. Abdullahi, O. (1995). Typology of research. In S. Jimoh (ed). Methodology: An inter disciplinary approach. Ilorin: Unilorin Library and Publication.Akindelly, B. (2009). Causes, effects and control of drug abuse in society.Retrieved July 22, 2013 from. http://www.voices.yahoo.com/causes-effects-control-drug-abuse-society. ... Continue reading---
