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Prevalence Of And Motivation For Drug Abuse
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The immediate effects of smoking marijuana include increased heart rate, reddened eyes and increase feeling of well being. The hallucinogenic properties of marijuana may include enhancement of sensitivity to colour, sound patterns, texture and taste. The personal reaction time is showed and the ability to interprete what is seen takes a longer time than normal. Pollock, Candace and Charles (1979) listed the following behavioural effects of marijuana.
• Marijuana impair short term memory;
• Users over estimate the passage of time; and
• Users lose the ability to maintain attention to a task.
Damage of lungs, damage of immune system, a motivational syndrome, lung cancer are some of the long-term effects of marijuana use.
Narcotics
Medically, narcotics are used to relieve pain and induce sleep and are among the most dependence producing drugs. Narcotics can be sub-grouped into the natural, quasisynthetic and synthetic narcotic on the basis of origin.
Natural Narcotics: Naturally occurring substances derived from the oriental poppy plants includes opium (the primary psychoactive substance extracted from the oriental poppy), morphine the primary active ingredient in opium and the bane (a compound not used a drug). Morphine and related compounds have medical use as analgesic in the treatment of mild to severe pain.
Quansisynthetic Narcotics: Quasisynthetic narcotrics are compound created by chemical altering morphine. These laboratory produced drug are intended to be used as analgesic, but their benefits are largely out weighted by a high dependence rate and a great risk of toxicity (Durani, 2012). The best known of the quasisynthetic narcotic is heroin. Heroin comes from the dried milk of the opium poppy, also range from white to dark brown powder to a sticky, tar like substance. It is popularly known as house, smack, big H, junck and its being injected, smoked or inhaled ( if it is pure) (Merki, 1996).
Heroin given someone a burst of euphoric (high) feelings especially if its injected. This high is often followed by drowsiness, nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting. Users feel the need to take more heroins as soon as possible just to feel good again. Heroin ravages the body with long-term use. It is associated with chronic constipation, dry skin, scarred veins, and breathing problems. Users who inject heroin often have collapsed veins and put themselves at risk of getting deadly infections such as HIV/AIDS hepatitis B or C and bacteria inhalants.
Synthetic Narcotics: Meperidin (Demerol) and propoxyphene (Darvon), common postsurgical pain killers and methadone, the drug prescribed during the rehabilitation of heroin addicts, are synthetic narcotic. These opiate-like drugs are manufactured in medical laboratories. They are not natural narcotics or quasisynthetic narcotic because they do not originate from the oriental poppy plant (Pollock Candace & Charles, 1979). However, like true narcotics, these drugs can rapidly induce physical dependence.
Inhalants
Inhalants are a class of drug that includes a variety of volatile (quick evaporating) compounds that generally unpredictably produce drunk-like effects in users. They are substances that are sniffed or “huffed†to give the user an immediate rush or high. They include household product like glues paint thinners, dry cleaning fluid, gasoline, felt tip marker fluid, correction fluid, hair spray, aerosol deodorants and spray paints. Inhalants are breathed in directly from the original container (sniffed or snorting), from a plastic bag (bagging) or by holding an inhalant soaked rag in the mouth (huffing).
Inhalants make the user feel giddy and confused, as if he was drunk. Longtime users get headaches, nosebleed and may suffer loss of hearing and sense of smell. Inhalants are the most likely of abused substance to cause severe toxic reaction and death. Even it use can kill at one time (Durani, 2012).
Alcohol
Alcohol is a drug that is produced by a chemical reaction in fruit, vegetables and grass. That is, alcohol is created from the fermented grain, fruits or vegetable. Fermentation is the process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugar in the food into alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce many necessary items everything from cheese to medications. Alcohol has different forms and can be used as a cleaner, an antiseptic, or a sedative (Durani, 2012).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONCOUNSELLOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENTPrevalence of and Motivation for Drug Abuse Questionnaire (PMDAQ)Dear Respondent, This instrument is designed to elicit information on the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Your sincere responses to each of the items will be highly appreciated as all information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and be used strictly for the re ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]The American Psychiatric Association (2010) referred to substance abuse as maladaptive patterns of substance use leading to clinical significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12 month period: recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home; recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous; recurrent substance related legal problems; continued substance ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Pilot Testing The pilot testing is used to determine the usability
of an instrument. To establish this, the instrument was administered to
ten students of the University of Ilorin, which did not form part of the
final respondents of the instrument. After administration, the
researcher interacted with the respondents, recorded their observation
about the instruments and effect necessary corrections.Psychometric Properties of the InstrumentAn instrument is considered appropriate when i ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Hypothesis Three:There is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Table 7 indicates that the calculated t-value of 1.51 is less than the critical t- value of 1.96 at 0.05 alpha level. This indicates that there is no significant difference. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Hypothesi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Still on the basis of age, the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions was accepted as no significant difference was found. It then indicates that respondents’ age has no influence in their motivation for drug abuse. Irrespective of their different age brackets, they tend to be motivated towards drug abuse by peer pressure, in order to work better and experiment how it works. The finding thus supports that of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]REFERENCESAaron, K., Robert, L., Reische, D., Barbara, V., Waggoner, S. & Wagger, H.(1982). Understanding health. New Jersey: Random House Visual Education Corporation. Abdullahi, O. (1995). Typology of research. In S. Jimoh (ed). Methodology: An inter disciplinary approach. Ilorin: Unilorin Library and Publication.Akindelly, B. (2009). Causes, effects and control of drug abuse in society.Retrieved July 22, 2013 from. http://www.voices.yahoo.com/causes-effects-control-drug-abuse-society. ... Continue reading---
