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Prevalence Of And Motivation For Drug Abuse
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Alcohol has been used in one form or another among cultures throughout the world, past and present. Alcoholic beverages results from the action of yeast, molds or bacteria on grains and fruits. Through the action, the sugar in the plants turned into alcohol (Aaron, Robert, Reische, Barbara, Waggoner & Wagner, 1982).
Alcohol is a depressant drug that slows down the working of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Chronic, excessive use of alcohol can seriously damage nearly every organ and function of the body (Merki, 1996). Because expert now know that the human brain is still developing during out teens, scientist are researching the effects of drinking alcohol can have on the teen brain (Durani, 2012). According to Merki (1996) effect of alcohol may be short time or long time effects. Short time effects are:
Alcohol (Chemical) affects mucosal lining, tongue and throat; too much alcohol in the stomach may cause vomiting; causes heart to beat faster and the blood vessels to widen; reaches the brain within minutes and the brain becomes less able to control the body; movement, speech, and vision may be affected, and the person becomes intoxicated.
Alcohol has a long-term effect, when one drinks alcohol for many years, eventually destroy millions of brain cells; suffer liver damage; he or she may develop cirrhosis, which is scaring and destruction of liver tissue and cirrhosis can cause death. Heavy drinking contributes to high blood pressure and may damage the heart muscle. It can even cause heart failure by petting extra strain on already damaged heart muscle.
Despite the debilitating effect of alcohol, some people cannot do without drinking alcohol. They have form the habit of drinking and have become addicted to it. Being addicted means they have depend on alcohol drinking in which they will experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop. Sign of alcohol withdrawal include sweating, inability to sleep, shakingness and irritability. The person may also experience unreasonable fears seizures and other disturbance of the nervous system. This physical and mental need for alcohol turns into a progressive and chronic disease called alcoholism. People with this disease are called alcoholic. They cannot stop drinking when they have started. They even drink when they know it harms their health. Harold, John, Anita, Charles and Frankline (1975) stated that many people become heavy drinkers to escape from conflict or emotional problems they have not learned to handle.
Merki (1996) pointed out that experts say that alcoholism develops in three (3) stages. The stages occur over a period of time.
Stage 1: A person starts using alcohol to relieve stress or to relax. Soon, the person needs alcohol to cope with the daily pressure of life. The drinker begin to make excuse about his/her drinking habits
Stage 2: As the person continues to drink, the body develops a need for more and more alcohol. The drinker is often absent from school or work but continue to deny that there is a problem.
Stage 3: In the final state of alcoholism, the problem is clear to other people. The drinker’s body is strongly addicted and the drinking is now out of control.
However, it is observed that alcohol is the oldest and most widely used drug in the world (Durani, 2012). Some of the reasons for this are: no law forbids it sales, people drink to get relax, some use it to feel less shy and youths particularly drink as a result of peer influence. The influence of advert on alcohol use cannot be undermined. Every day on television, in magazines and on bill boards, youths see good looking, healthy people drinking alcohol. Entertainers promote the idea that it is normal, smart and sophisticated to drink. Beer advertisement associate drinking with sport events, fast cars, popularity and fun. Therefore, teens are to believe what they see.
Promotion gimmicks are also popular at any sport and entertaining events. People can buy T-shirt, caps, rubber band etc that feature the name of the beer company sponsoring the event. When they put on these materials, they are invariably providing free advertisement for the product of the company.
Types of Alcohol Beverages
Moronkola and Otinwa (1999) listed the following types of alcohol beverages available in Nigeria: Wine, beer and distilled beverage.
Wine: Wine is made from the fermented juice grapes or other fruits. It has a typical alcohol content of 10% to 14% by volume. There are five basic types of wines, red, white, rose and sparkling or champagne, containing carbon dioxide (all referred to as table wine) and desert for cocktail (with an alcohol content ranging from 15% to 24%.
Beer: They are derived from cereal grains-barly rye, corn and wheat. The process of beer making is referred to as brewing and include the conversion of cereal and starch to a fermentable sugar, and it is then stored. The typical alcohol content of popular beers is about 4 %, light beer are about 32% to 33% alcohol. Beer also contains minute substance called congeners such as dextrin, maltose, vitamins, organic acids, acacia or gum Arabic salts and carbondioxide. Some of these substances are added to preserve, stabilize, enhance flavour and produce or promote foaming.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONCOUNSELLOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENTPrevalence of and Motivation for Drug Abuse Questionnaire (PMDAQ)Dear Respondent, This instrument is designed to elicit information on the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Your sincere responses to each of the items will be highly appreciated as all information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and be used strictly for the re ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]The American Psychiatric Association (2010) referred to substance abuse as maladaptive patterns of substance use leading to clinical significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12 month period: recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home; recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous; recurrent substance related legal problems; continued substance ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Pilot Testing The pilot testing is used to determine the usability
of an instrument. To establish this, the instrument was administered to
ten students of the University of Ilorin, which did not form part of the
final respondents of the instrument. After administration, the
researcher interacted with the respondents, recorded their observation
about the instruments and effect necessary corrections.Psychometric Properties of the InstrumentAn instrument is considered appropriate when i ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Hypothesis Three:There is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Table 7 indicates that the calculated t-value of 1.51 is less than the critical t- value of 1.96 at 0.05 alpha level. This indicates that there is no significant difference. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Hypothesi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Still on the basis of age, the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions was accepted as no significant difference was found. It then indicates that respondents’ age has no influence in their motivation for drug abuse. Irrespective of their different age brackets, they tend to be motivated towards drug abuse by peer pressure, in order to work better and experiment how it works. The finding thus supports that of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]REFERENCESAaron, K., Robert, L., Reische, D., Barbara, V., Waggoner, S. & Wagger, H.(1982). Understanding health. New Jersey: Random House Visual Education Corporation. Abdullahi, O. (1995). Typology of research. In S. Jimoh (ed). Methodology: An inter disciplinary approach. Ilorin: Unilorin Library and Publication.Akindelly, B. (2009). Causes, effects and control of drug abuse in society.Retrieved July 22, 2013 from. http://www.voices.yahoo.com/causes-effects-control-drug-abuse-society. ... Continue reading---
