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Prevalence Of And Motivation For Drug Abuse
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Pilot Testing
The pilot testing is used to determine the usability
of an instrument. To establish this, the instrument was administered to
ten students of the University of Ilorin, which did not form part of the
final respondents of the instrument. After administration, the
researcher interacted with the respondents, recorded their observation
about the instruments and effect necessary corrections.
Psychometric Properties of the Instrument
An instrument is considered appropriate when it possesses certain properties or qualities such as validity and reliability.
Validity:
Validity is the ability of a research instrument to measure accurately
what it purports to measure. A measuring instrument is valid when it
measures truly and accurately the quality or ability it is designed to
measure (Ajayi & Razak, 2000). According to Margaret (2003),
validity is the ability of an instrument to measure that which the
investigator will like to measure. Validity is best tested by comparing
the findings with a suitable standard gold. Also, Robert and David
(2004) referred to a valid instrument as the accuracy with which the
scores measures a particular cognitive ability of interest. Hence, after
the construction of the questionnaire by the researcher, five (5)
experts (lecturers) including the researcher’s supervisor in the
department vet for its content validity. According to Best (1981)
content validity estimate can be obtained from the panel of experts who
would rate an instrument in terms of how effectively they represent
salient aspects of the purpose of the study. Modification of the
instrument was therefore made as suggested.
Reliability: Reliability
is concerned with how consistence an instrument could measure what it
purports to measure. Margret (2003) noted that reliability also termed
reproducibility or repeatability, is the stability or the consistency of
information i.e the extent to which similar information is supplied or
obtained when a measurement is performed more than once. If a reliable
instrument is given two or three times to the same sample, each person
in the group should approximately get the same score on different
occasions (Kulbir, 2007). The test-re-test method of reliability was
adopted to determine the consistency of the instrument in the interval
of four weeks. Copies of the instrument were administered to twenty (20)
University of Ilorin students. Four weeks later, the same group of
students was re-tested, scores from the two tests were correlated using
the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (r) at 0.05 alpha
level. The co-efficient (r) for the administrations was found to be 0.74
respectively. This was considered high enough to make the instrument
reliable.
Procedure for Data Administration and Collection
The
questionnaire was administered with the help of two research assistants
to randomly selected samples of four hundred and fifty (450) University
and College of Education students. This was supervised personally to
ensure no missing or reduction in questionnaire and to facilitate quick
and accurate responses.
Procedure for Scoring
Scoring implies the
scaling and rating adopted for the instrument. In section “A†frequency
count and simple percentage were used to determine the personal
information of each respondent, however, figure was assigned to each
alternative response for identification and clarity among variables.
While sections “B†and “C†were scored using Four Point Likert Type
scale which was quantified as follows:
Strongly Agree (SA) = 4 points
Agreed (A) = 3 points
Disagreed (D) = 2 points
Strongly Disagreed (SD) = 1 point
Section B and C of the instrument contained 15 items each, the highest
possible score any respondent can obtain is 60 (i.e 4 x 15), while the
lowest possible score is 15 (i.e 1 x 15). Therefore, the range is 45
(i.e 60 – 15). The mid-point of range is 22.5 (i.e 45 ÷ 2). The
cut-off point is therefore 60 – 22.5 (i.e maximum score minus the
mid-point of the range) or 15 + 22.5 (i.e the minimum score plus (+) the
mid of the range), in which either case is 37.5. Thus, if respondents
score ranges from 30 – 60 in section B, it will be considered as
reporting high degree to prevalence of drug abuse while if their scores
fall below 30, it will be considered less prevalence of drug abuse. The
total score for each variable was calculated using item by item analysis
to find the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students
of institutions in Kwara State Nigeria.
Method of Data Analysis
Frequency
counts, statistical method of means, standard deviation, t-test and
ANOVA were used to analyze the data collected. All these methods sought
to find the difference between the means of two or more variables. All
hypotheses were thus, tested at 0.05 significance level. Adana (1996)
considered t-test a parametric test often used by researchers to compare
the mean of two groups while ANOVA is an inferential statistics for
comparing the mean of three or more groups.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONCOUNSELLOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENTPrevalence of and Motivation for Drug Abuse Questionnaire (PMDAQ)Dear Respondent, This instrument is designed to elicit information on the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Your sincere responses to each of the items will be highly appreciated as all information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and be used strictly for the re ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]The American Psychiatric Association (2010) referred to substance abuse as maladaptive patterns of substance use leading to clinical significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12 month period: recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home; recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous; recurrent substance related legal problems; continued substance ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 14 ]The immediate effects of smoking marijuana include increased heart rate, reddened eyes and increase feeling of well being. The hallucinogenic properties of marijuana may include enhancement of sensitivity to colour, sound patterns, texture and taste. The personal reaction time is showed and the ability to interprete what is seen takes a longer time than normal. Pollock, Candace and Charles (1979) listed the following behavioural effects of marijuana.• Marijuana impair short term me ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Hypothesis Three:There is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Table 7 indicates that the calculated t-value of 1.51 is less than the critical t- value of 1.96 at 0.05 alpha level. This indicates that there is no significant difference. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is no significant difference in the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions on the basis of age.Hypothesi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Still on the basis of age, the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions was accepted as no significant difference was found. It then indicates that respondents’ age has no influence in their motivation for drug abuse. Irrespective of their different age brackets, they tend to be motivated towards drug abuse by peer pressure, in order to work better and experiment how it works. The finding thus supports that of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]REFERENCESAaron, K., Robert, L., Reische, D., Barbara, V., Waggoner, S. & Wagger, H.(1982). Understanding health. New Jersey: Random House Visual Education Corporation. Abdullahi, O. (1995). Typology of research. In S. Jimoh (ed). Methodology: An inter disciplinary approach. Ilorin: Unilorin Library and Publication.Akindelly, B. (2009). Causes, effects and control of drug abuse in society.Retrieved July 22, 2013 from. http://www.voices.yahoo.com/causes-effects-control-drug-abuse-society. ... Continue reading---
