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Prevalence Of And Motivation For Drug Abuse  
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Initially, drug prevention was often seen in three categories: primary prevention (preventing use), secondary prevention (helping those involved in drug use), and tertiary prevention (treatment and services for drug users). In 1994, the institute of medicine proposed a new frame work for classifying preventing into universal selective and indicated prevention intervention, which replaces the previous concepts of primary secondary and tertiary prevention. More commonly, it is now usually referred to as universal prevention, indicated prevention or selective prevention and more recently “environmental prevention†has been added as a strategy (Mentor Foundation, 2011).
Universal Prevention: This addresses the entire population (local community, pupils, neighbourhood). Information and skill necessary to prevent the problem in order to delay or deter the onset of substance abuse are provided to individuals. In achieving this aim, programme are delivered to large group without any prior screening for substance abuse risk. All members of the population share the same risk for substance abuse may vary greatly among individuals.
Selective prevention: This serves specific sub-populations whose risk of a disorder is significantly higher than average, either imminently or over a lifetime. This responds to the growing importance of identifiable risk factors for understanding the initiation and progression of substance abuse, particularly among young people. A primary advantage of focusing on vulnerable population is that they already exist and are clearly identifiable. In European prevention practice, more attention has been paid to those complementary prevention intervention that focus more selectively on special group or also settings for instance deprived neighborhood or recreational settings.
Indicated prevention: Indicated prevention aims to identify individuals who are exhibiting indicators that are highly correlated with an individual risk of developing substance abuse later in their life (such as psychiatric disorder, school failure, dissocial behavior etc) or additionally early signs of problematic substance use (but not clinical criteria for dependence) and to target them with special interventions. Identifiers for increased individual risk can be falling grades conduct disorder and alienation from parents, school and positive peers group. The aim of indicated prevention is neither necessarily to prevent the initiation of use nor the use of substance but to prevent the (fast) development of a dependence to diminish the frequency and to prevent “dangerous†substance use (e.g moderate instead of binge drinking).
In practice, universal prevention activities in all member states do address licit and illicit drugs together, whereas prevention interventions that focus exclusively on illegal drugs are very rare. The main objective in prevention is usually preventing or delaying the initiation with legal drugs, because their early or intense use is the most important risk factor for initiation and problems with illicit drugs later. Tobacco and alcohol use depend strongly or culture and norms acceptance of use and availability of these substance. In view of this, environmental approaches are prevention measures that operate on the level of these social, formal and cultural norms about alcohol, tobacco and also cannabis. While universal prevention intervenes on population level, selective prevent at (vulnerable) group level and indicated on individual level, environmental approaches work on societal level, mostly by shaping attitudes, normally perception and values regarding legal drug consumption (EMDDA, 2011). Drug prevention education includes:
• Providing relevant knowledge and information.
• Addressing issues such as peer influence, normative beliefs and brain development.
• Developing life skills and /or protective factors and risk factors.
• Considering influence such as media.
• Building the personal and social confidence and competence of young people to weigh up and make appropriate and locality choice and decisions.
Parental Roles in Drug Abuse Prevention
According to Hughes and Carolyn (2011), significantly less than half of the world population is involved in serious drug related crime. On the other hand, many of us use legal drugs such as alcohol, caffeine and nicotine in ways that endanger our lives and the life of others. However, if drugs abuse contributes to the nation’s street crime, solving the problem contribute to reducing the crime rate, therefore, it is ideal for parents with school age children not to wait until they see evidence of addiction but to prepare youths to face decisions which they will almost inevitably have to make regarding drug use. Parents should thus, according to Melgosa, (2005):
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON>> CHECK OTHER PAGES ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONCOUNSELLOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENTPrevalence of and Motivation for Drug Abuse Questionnaire (PMDAQ)Dear Respondent, This instrument is designed to elicit information on the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Your sincere responses to each of the items will be highly appreciated as all information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and be used strictly for the re ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]Purpose of the Study The main purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, suggestion will be made on alternative activities that Nigeria youths can venture their time and energy aside drugs and roles of counsellors in preventing drug abuse among youths so that they may have a life of purpose and be self actualized.Significance of the StudyYouthful age has ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Section B and C of the instrument contained 15 items each, the highest possible score any respondent can obtain is 60 (i.e 4 x 15), while the lowest possible score is 15 (i.e 1 x 15). Therefore, the range is 45 (i.e 60 – 15). The mid-point of range is 22.5 (i.e 45 ÷ 2). The cut-off point is therefore 60 – 22.5 (i.e maximum score minus the mid-point of the range) or 15 + 22.5 (i.e the minimum score plus (+) the mid of the range), in which either case is 37.5. Thus, if res ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]Summary of Findings Based on the result of the study, items 1, 6 and 4 were ranked as the top three on the prevalence of drug abuse while items 2, 1 and 3 were ranked the top on the motivation for drug abuse. The list ranked items on the prevalence of drug abuse are items 7 and 13, 12, and 2 while items 4, 8 and 11 features on motivation for drug abuse. However, eight hypotheses were postulated and all of them were accepted. Hence, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of, ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Still on the basis of age, the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions was accepted as no significant difference was found. It then indicates that respondents’ age has no influence in their motivation for drug abuse. Irrespective of their different age brackets, they tend to be motivated towards drug abuse by peer pressure, in order to work better and experiment how it works. The finding thus supports that of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]REFERENCESAaron, K., Robert, L., Reische, D., Barbara, V., Waggoner, S. & Wagger, H.(1982). Understanding health. New Jersey: Random House Visual Education Corporation. Abdullahi, O. (1995). Typology of research. In S. Jimoh (ed). Methodology: An inter disciplinary approach. Ilorin: Unilorin Library and Publication.Akindelly, B. (2009). Causes, effects and control of drug abuse in society.Retrieved July 22, 2013 from. http://www.voices.yahoo.com/causes-effects-control-drug-abuse-society. ... Continue reading---
