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Prevalence Of And Motivation For Drug Abuse  
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Roles of Counsellors in Drug Abuse Prevention, Management and Treatment
Substance abuse is on the increase among youths as many of them battle with drug effects. This results in increased numbers of adolescents entering treatment for substance abuse with greater social and emotional developmental deficit (Fisher & Harrison, 2000). With the increase in their involvement in drug abuse, most youngsters are still not ready for change which makes them avoid assistance render by the experts or the adults around them. Church (1994) stated that “because of their desire for autonomy, adolescents may be very sensitive to situations where they believe others are asserting their power of authority.†In this regard, counsellor must understand a clear conceptual adolescence and developmental theory in order to establish and maintain a therapeutic relationship.
It is possible that a counsellor will encounter a client with drug abuse related problem. However, little or no training is received on drug abuse during the graduate programme. Lenhardt (1994) noted that in the field of counsellor education, few programmes offer course work in the specific area of substance abuse. But there is need for a counsellor to possess knowledge on drug abuse prevention and to be able to help those who are already victims. The following tasks therefore suggested according to the system approach:
• Identify the possible warning signs of student substance abuse.
• Work with the young person to establish a therapeutic relationship.
• Support the family system to promote change.
• Be a resource and liaison between the student, the family, the school, and community agencies and treatment programmes.
• Follow-up services.
Identify the possible warning signs of student substance abuse: This is the counsellor’s ability to recognize drug abuse symptoms in client. Nunes & Parson (1995) presented symptoms to be identified with clients with drug abuse. Risk attributes, if unopposed by protective factors, that predict or precipitate substance abuse included, a poor parent-child relationship; psychiatric disorders, especially depression; a tendency to seek novel experience or take risks; family members and peers who use substances; low academic motivation; absence of religion/religiousity; early cigarette use; low self-esteem; being raised in a single parent or blended family; and engaging in health compromising behaviours. Martin, Kaczynski, Maisto, Buskstein, & Moss, (1995) also concluded that alcohol related black-outs, craving, and risky sexual behaviour are common adolescents alcohol abuse issues. Counsellor should be well alerted about the mentioned symptoms of drug abuse in clients for early intervention with the client and his family before it becomes more severe.
Work with the young person to established a therapeutic relationship: Having identified the symptoms, it is required that a counsellor be versed in counselling skills to be able to help the client with abuse or prevent them from being victim. A therapeutic relationship is established when a counsellor is honest, accommodating and respect the worth and dignity of the client. Shertzer & Stone (1980) noted that integrity of the person must be present in the helping relationship. In this relationship, both parties must be very honest to each other. They must trust each other and be authentic, reliable in their interaction with each other. That is the only way which their relationship can be of help they concluded. This implies that a counsellor must possess personality characteristics that attract response from people and propel them towards change.
Support the family system to promote change: The system approach suggests that no man lives in isolation but rather exist within a particular family and his interaction within and outside the family is a potent tool to noticing drug abuse problems. Doerries & Foster (1996) opined that systems thinking is a way of conceptualizing problem that uses circular reasoning to evaluate interaction patterns within a system and between systems. This implies that individuals play their part in the way family function and in surfacing problem. It is therefore important for a school counsellor to consider the whole family systems in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the dysfunction. Haley, (1980) suggested that the substance abusing family has become “stuck†at one stage of development in the teen drug abuse but rather in the failure of the system to successfully negotiate the stage requiring mutual disengagement of parent and young person. System theory postulates that a change in the function of an individual is followed by compensatory change in other family members (Bowen, 1974; Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2000).
Be a resource and liaison between the student, the family, the school and community agencies and treatment programme: Counsellor is in the position of providing crisis intervention and referrals, organizing a parent education classes at the school he engaged, offering parent-child-teacher-school counsellor conferences during hours that match parent’s work schedule. The school counsellor should be visible and available at after-school activities and coordination of other activities designed to increase parental involvement.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON>> CHECK OTHER PAGES ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONCOUNSELLOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENTPrevalence of and Motivation for Drug Abuse Questionnaire (PMDAQ)Dear Respondent, This instrument is designed to elicit information on the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Your sincere responses to each of the items will be highly appreciated as all information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and be used strictly for the re ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]Purpose of the Study The main purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, suggestion will be made on alternative activities that Nigeria youths can venture their time and energy aside drugs and roles of counsellors in preventing drug abuse among youths so that they may have a life of purpose and be self actualized.Significance of the StudyYouthful age has ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Section B and C of the instrument contained 15 items each, the highest possible score any respondent can obtain is 60 (i.e 4 x 15), while the lowest possible score is 15 (i.e 1 x 15). Therefore, the range is 45 (i.e 60 – 15). The mid-point of range is 22.5 (i.e 45 ÷ 2). The cut-off point is therefore 60 – 22.5 (i.e maximum score minus the mid-point of the range) or 15 + 22.5 (i.e the minimum score plus (+) the mid of the range), in which either case is 37.5. Thus, if res ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]Summary of Findings Based on the result of the study, items 1, 6 and 4 were ranked as the top three on the prevalence of drug abuse while items 2, 1 and 3 were ranked the top on the motivation for drug abuse. The list ranked items on the prevalence of drug abuse are items 7 and 13, 12, and 2 while items 4, 8 and 11 features on motivation for drug abuse. However, eight hypotheses were postulated and all of them were accepted. Hence, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of, ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Still on the basis of age, the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions was accepted as no significant difference was found. It then indicates that respondents’ age has no influence in their motivation for drug abuse. Irrespective of their different age brackets, they tend to be motivated towards drug abuse by peer pressure, in order to work better and experiment how it works. The finding thus supports that of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]REFERENCESAaron, K., Robert, L., Reische, D., Barbara, V., Waggoner, S. & Wagger, H.(1982). Understanding health. New Jersey: Random House Visual Education Corporation. Abdullahi, O. (1995). Typology of research. In S. Jimoh (ed). Methodology: An inter disciplinary approach. Ilorin: Unilorin Library and Publication.Akindelly, B. (2009). Causes, effects and control of drug abuse in society.Retrieved July 22, 2013 from. http://www.voices.yahoo.com/causes-effects-control-drug-abuse-society. ... Continue reading---
