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Prevalence Of And Motivation For Drug Abuse  
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Consulting parents on children’s behavioural problem provide valuable information for a counsellor as regards the fight and symptoms of drug abuse and intervention procedure. Mc Laughlin and Vacha (1993) stated that school counsellors are in a unique position to bridge the gap between families, community institutions and programmes, the school, and students by functioning both as a resource and liaison. Although, parents may be blind to their children maladaptive behavior, the counsellor should thus approach them in un-confrontational manner without blaming them. One method of managing this difficult interaction is to emphasize the positive. Reframing or rebelling the adolescent’s behaviour in a positive fashion may make the uncomfortable topic of substance abuse less threatening for the parents to hear (Haley, 1976). The focus needs to be on facilitating future change, rather than on past behaviours or experiences.
The follow up services: A therapeutic relationship is essential in providing ongoing support. It takes a great commitment from a school counsellor to maintain foundation of support and a linkage between the adolescents and the systems in which he/she functions despite his/her schedule. Rogers’ (1959) stated that conditions of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding can support future work with the young person within the system contexts of the individuals in the family, the school, and possible community agencies. If a therapeutic relationship is not established, the counsellor’s likelihood of encountering future resistance in interactions and/or interventions is increased (Miller & Rollnick, 1991; Miller, Zweban, Diclemente, & Rychtarik (1995); Sommer-F. & Sommers-F., 1997).
Follow-up also involves liaison services when a student returns to school after substance abuse treatment. The school counsellor can be integral in providing continuing liaison services between the treatment programme after care services, the family, the school, and other professionals and systems that may be involved (e.g, the courts and legal system). Bowen (1974) noted that “family systems therapy†offers no magic solution for the total problem but the theory does provide a different way to conceptualize the problem.
Another way a counsellor can help in drug abuse prevention and treatment as being used in Broward Country public school in USA is through peer counselling. Peer counselling is a student support programme/services through structured in-school and outreach activities which address a multitude of social, individual, school and family concerns and has a focus on violence and substance abuse prevention issues. The responsibility of a counsellor is to train and coordinate a cross section of students who act as helpers and active listeners for their fellow students. They act as conflict mediators and peer tutors, provide classroom presentations on teen issues, welcome new students and promote drug abuse and violence prevention, which includes anti-bullying programmes.
The purpose of peer counselling is to develop and enhance the health, safety, and well being of youths by focusing on peer education through a comprehensive programme and curriculum that encompasses social and emotional skills and awareness, peer mediation, academic opportunity, student service and referral. The focus of the curriculum is preventative. A variety of intervention strategies are employed, however, to educate and motivate students or to invade trained professionals, when needed. The result can be a more positive and safer school climate, healthier students and staff with lower stress levels, and a better utilization of school and community resources (Broward Country, 2013).
Summary of the Reviewed Literature
Drugs are substances that alter physical or physiological and psychological state of an individual. Drug are being used and abuse by everyone in one form or the other and its prevalence is as old as man i.e no society is insulated from the negative consequences of illicit drugs. Drugs in essence can be classified into six which are stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, cannabis, narcotics and inhalants. Alcohol as one of the depressants was specifically discussed because of its cultural acceptance, availability and people consideration as not drug. Some of the motivating factors of drug use and abuse are culture and ethnicity, unemployment and economic hardship, general acceptance, politics and laws, peer group among others. Abuse of drugs may consequently lead to brain damage, psychological dependence, tolerance, physical dependence, school dropout, armed robbery, prostitution, etc.
Drug preventive measures, through governmental and non-governmental agencies were to reduce drug supply, reduce drugs demands and helping the ex-drug users. However, in preventing drug abuse among youths, also, the role of counsellors and parents cannot be undermined, therefore, counsellors can help in drug prevention by identifying the possible warning signs of the student substance abuse, working with the youth to establish a therapeutic relationship, supporting the family system to promote change and being a resource and liaison between the student, family, school, and community agencies and treatment programmes; while parents should talk to their youngsters about the problem of drugs from early childhood and reaffirmed their self esteem etc. considering drug agencies in Nigeria, NDLEA and NAFDAC are major governmental agencies responsible for drugs abuse and trafficking prevention and Narconon international, a non-governmental organization.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT COMING SOON>> CHECK OTHER PAGES ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]UNIVERSITY OF ILORINFACULTY OF EDUCATIONCOUNSELLOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENTPrevalence of and Motivation for Drug Abuse Questionnaire (PMDAQ)Dear Respondent, This instrument is designed to elicit information on the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Your sincere responses to each of the items will be highly appreciated as all information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and be used strictly for the re ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]Purpose of the Study The main purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of, and motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, suggestion will be made on alternative activities that Nigeria youths can venture their time and energy aside drugs and roles of counsellors in preventing drug abuse among youths so that they may have a life of purpose and be self actualized.Significance of the StudyYouthful age has ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Section B and C of the instrument contained 15 items each, the highest possible score any respondent can obtain is 60 (i.e 4 x 15), while the lowest possible score is 15 (i.e 1 x 15). Therefore, the range is 45 (i.e 60 – 15). The mid-point of range is 22.5 (i.e 45 ÷ 2). The cut-off point is therefore 60 – 22.5 (i.e maximum score minus the mid-point of the range) or 15 + 22.5 (i.e the minimum score plus (+) the mid of the range), in which either case is 37.5. Thus, if res ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]Summary of Findings Based on the result of the study, items 1, 6 and 4 were ranked as the top three on the prevalence of drug abuse while items 2, 1 and 3 were ranked the top on the motivation for drug abuse. The list ranked items on the prevalence of drug abuse are items 7 and 13, 12, and 2 while items 4, 8 and 11 features on motivation for drug abuse. However, eight hypotheses were postulated and all of them were accepted. Hence, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of, ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Still on the basis of age, the hypothesis that there is significant difference in the motivation for drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions was accepted as no significant difference was found. It then indicates that respondents’ age has no influence in their motivation for drug abuse. Irrespective of their different age brackets, they tend to be motivated towards drug abuse by peer pressure, in order to work better and experiment how it works. The finding thus supports that of ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]REFERENCESAaron, K., Robert, L., Reische, D., Barbara, V., Waggoner, S. & Wagger, H.(1982). Understanding health. New Jersey: Random House Visual Education Corporation. Abdullahi, O. (1995). Typology of research. In S. Jimoh (ed). Methodology: An inter disciplinary approach. Ilorin: Unilorin Library and Publication.Akindelly, B. (2009). Causes, effects and control of drug abuse in society.Retrieved July 22, 2013 from. http://www.voices.yahoo.com/causes-effects-control-drug-abuse-society. ... Continue reading---
