• Effect Of Cognitive Restructuring And Shaping Techniques In Handling Lateness To School Among Secondary School Students

  • APPENDIX C -- [Total Page(s) 5]

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    • Day 5 (5th session) Monday
      Objective: Adverse effect of missing morning assembly.
      Step 1:    The researcher happily welcomed the students, made a roll call and congratulated them. She said:      My good and beloved students, you are all welcomed. How is your academic work? I hope you did the assignment I gave you in the last meeting.   As the students were answering the questions she was nodding her head and smiling.
      Step 2: The researcher told the students to mention the effects of missing morning assembly. As they were doing that, she was writing them down. She told the students that missing morning assembly meant missing information given during announcements. Since you miss the information, you might go contrary to the announcements and thus be punished.
      While on punishment, others will be studying, and those of them you were better than academically and in some other things in the school will begin to go ahead of you. This was because by the time you might be through with the punishment, you will be so tired and disorganized to face your studies. Just as you mentioned, absence from morning assembly could make you miss scholarship opportunities and vital gifts given to students during morning assembly.
      Step 3:    The researcher told the students to consider what missing the scholarship opportunities to the university meant to a student who have been finding it difficult to pay his or her schools fees, or who was always sent out of the examination hall because of his inability to pay his/her school fees.
      Question time: The researcher asked the students few questions to find out how much impact the treatment was making on the students’ irrational thoughts, ideas, philosophies and beliefs about lateness. She also gave the students the opportunity to ask their own questions which she tried to answer to their satisfaction.
      Closure: The session came to an end with the researcher giving the students home work to write on the effects of missing class lessons. The students departed with a hand shake to the researcher and with one another.
      Day 6 (6th session) Wednesday Objective: Effect of missing class lessons.
      Step 1:   The researcher welcomed the students.    She said; my lovely ones, I hope you woke up hale and hearty this morning.
      Step 2:   The researcher asked the students to read out at least one effect each, of the effects of missing class lesson on them. As they were doing so, she nodded her head with smiles.
      Step 3:   The researcher picked the mentioned effect of missing class lessons one after the other. She explained that missing morning lessons when subjects like English language and mathematics were taught have serious impact on them, since these subjects determine their moving to the next class and admission into any tertiary institution like the university to pursue any course. She further told them that teachers cannot repeat the topic they had already taught in their absence from classes. That as day students, they rarely have time for theis studies at home and that borrowing note may not be very helpful for obvious reasons. She told the too that if they were late severally, their results will become poor as they fail examinations, class assignments and tests. Worst still, that they could end up in jail in an attempt to cheat in examinations in order to have better results. Moreover, because they have become habitual latecomers, going late to examinations with the resultant effect of examination failures many times, their parents might decide to withdraw them from school.
      Question time: The researcher told the students to ask questions which she answered to their satisfaction. She also asked them her own questions.
      Closure: She ended the session with an assignment in which the students were to think out what could be long-run effect of lateness to school on them.
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    • ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT The study was on the effect of cognitive restructuring and shaping techniques in reducing lateness among secondary school students. The study was carried out in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State using quasi-experimental design.   Two hundred and sixty-five (265) latecomers made up the population of the study, while ninety (90) latecomers made up the sample. An observation guide designed by the researcher was used for data collection. Three research questions were answered using ... Continue reading---

         

      APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] ... Continue reading---

         

      APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 11 ]APPENDIX 2SPSS OUTPUT ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTED ... Continue reading---

         

      LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 1 Diagrammatic representation of the experimental designTable 2     Pretest and posttest scores of number of days the of the students who received cognitive restructuring and those in the control  groupTable 3    Frequency of students’ magnitude of lateness after receiving cognitive restructuring and the control groupTable 4     Pretest and posttest scores of number of days the of the students who received shaping technique and those in the control groupTab ... Continue reading---

         

      TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTS PageTITLE PAGE   APPROVAL PAGE    CERTIFICATION   DEDICATION   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   ABSTRACT  TABLE OF CONTENTS  LIST OF TABLES   CHAPTER ONE:    INTRODUCTION    Background of the Study   Statement of the Problem  Purpose of the Study    Significance of the Study    Scope of the Study    Research Questions    Hypotheses   CHAPTER TWO:    REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE    12Conceptual Framework   The concept of cognitive restructuring  ... Continue reading---

         

      CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]It is important to note that these techniques have proved effective in handling some problem behaviours. For instance, Chukwunonyem (2001) used cognitive restructuring technique to change pupils’ behaviour in mathematics, and Isaac (as cited in Akinade & Adedipe, 1994) used shaping successfully to reinstate verbal behaviour in hospitalized psychotics.   Therefore, it is hoped that the techniques will also be effective in handling lateness among students.Statement of the ProblemMany seco ... Continue reading---

         

      CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 9 ]Theories of ShapingShaping is one of the techniques derived from operant conditioning theory. The theory postulates that human behaviour can be acquired, maintained and therefore controlled by its consequences. Thus the frequency of a response may increase or decrease behaviours depending on whether the outcome of the response is pleasant or aversive (Essuman, Nwaogu, & Nwachuku, 1990).According to Colman (2003), shaping involves gradual building up of a desired pattern of behaviour by selective ... Continue reading---

         

      CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODThis chapter is concerned with the method and procedures that were used to conduct the study.   Specifically, it described the following:•    Research Design•    Area of the Study•    Population of the Study•    Sample and Sampling Technique•    Instrument for Data Collection•    Validation of Instrument•    Reliability of Instrument•    Method of Data Collection•    Experimental Proced ... Continue reading---

         

      CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]Table 4 shows that after receiving shaping technique therapy, one out of the 30 students who were late for 20 days before the treatment came late for 12 days, 5 of them came late for 14 days, 6 came late for 15 days, 2 came late for 16 days, 5 of them came late for 17 days and 5 of them came late for 18 days. Also 5 of the students came late for 19 days while one of them came late for 20 days, showing no change in behaviour.Again 2 of the 30 students in the control group came late for 18 days, 3 ... Continue reading---

         

      CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]ConclusionsFrom the discussions, lateness to school has been in existence and people have been contemplating and participating in the battle against the ugly behaviour. Today, the findings of this study have opened the doors of hope.First and foremost, cognitive restructuring has been found to be effective in reducing both the number of days of lateness and magnitude of lateness of habitual latecomers. Also, shaping technique has been found to be very effective not only in reducing the number of ... Continue reading---

         

      REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAdebayo, P.O. (Ed.). (1975). Principles of education and practice of education. Ado-Ekiti: Omalayo Standard Press.Adejumo, D. Adamolekun (1993).   Adolescent psychology. in A. Aladejana, D. Adajumo, O. Makinde & A. Uba. (eds.) Essentials of educational foundation and counselling. Ibadan: Claverum Press.Adeloye, J. T. (2001). Patterns of child abuse in kano metropolis. Ahmadu Bello University. Journal of counselling and human development, 1(1), 118–125.Afolagbe, E. O. (1983). P ... Continue reading---