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Question Formation In Mernyang
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We also have the surface structure level (s-structure) which is the
level at which some components in the sentence have been moved. The
s-structure is clearly generated from the D-structure by the application
of movement rules. There is a relationship between the deep structure
and the surface structure they are related by movement.
THE SUB-THEORUS OF G.B.
Chomsky
postulates a set of interacting sub-theories each of which deals with
some control area of grammatical enquiry. Each of these theories
comprises a principle or set of principles, and each of these may be
subject to parametric variation. That is to say, it is assumed that the
grammar of languages vary in only finitely =. Many ways with respect
to the domain covered by a given sub-theory.
All these sub-theories
of G.B. theory operates in a modular form, this theory itself is
referred to as a modular deductive theory of grammar. The sub-theory
assured are the following:
X-bar theory
Theta theory
Case theory
Binding theory
Bounding theory
Control theory
Government theory
1.6.1 X-bar Theory
X
– Bar syntax replaces large numbers of idiosyncratic rules with general
principles. It captures properties of all phrases and its bases on
lexicon. The principle is that a phrase always contains a head of the
same type.
It defines the possible phrase structure configuration of
language in general. The control notion is that each of the major
lexical categories (Noun, Verb, Prepositions and Adjectives) is the head
of a structure is dominated by a (phrase, verb, verb phrase, Noun
phrase (NP), preposition: pp and Adjective – AP) it comes after other
possible constituents in the example below.
NP
Spec N
N1
Det
That house
1.6.2 Projection Principle
Chomsky
(1981:29) states that (representation at each syntactic level is
projected from the lexicon) in that they observe the sub categorization
properties of lexical items; projection principles requires lexical
properties to be projected to all levels of syntactic representation
i.e. a lexical item projects from its zero bar level to one (single) bar
level, which is optional, then to double bar level. The zero bar level
is referred to as the core projection level, the single bar level is
referred to as the intermediate projection level and the double bar
level is referred to as the maximal projection level.
The illustration is shown below:
XII Maximal projection level
XI Intermediate projection level
Xo Core projection level
Horrocks
(1987:99) states that X-bar theory tells us that a lexical head (X) and
its complements form a constituent (XI) and that any specifier of this
form with a high level of constituent (XII) Thus:
XII
Spec XI
XO Comp
The
lexical entry projects onto the structure of the sentence, and its
influence ceases at the double bar level. Another feature that makes
generalization rule possible in x – bar theory is the concept of head.
The notion of head of a phrase is called the principle of head
parameter.
1.6.3 The Principle of Head Parameter
The principle of
head parameter specifies the order of elements in a language. The
basic assumption of head parameter is that sentences may be broken into
constituent phrase and structural grouping of words. Stock well
(181:70) says that the parametric variation between language according
to whether the position of the head is first or last with respect to its
complement is called head parameter. In other words, all phrases have
heads of a related and possible complement along with some others like
its specifiers.
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