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Evaluating The Levels Of Some Selected Trace Metals, Renal Function Parameters And Liver Function Parameters Of Heavy Cosmetics Users Among Female Undergraduates And Compare Levels With Non-cosmetic Users
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2.6.2 The Nephron as Functional Filtering Unit of the Kidney
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are two types of nephrons, cortical and juxtaglomerular nephron. Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle, which is located in the cortex of the kidney, and a tubular component, which, in juxtaglomerular nephrons, extends deep into the medulla of the kidney, towards the tip of the renal pyramid
In the cortical nephrons most of the tubular component resides in the cortex of the kidney. The renal capsule is made by the glomerulus surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. The tubular component starts with the proximal convoluted tubule followed by the loop of Henle which in turn can be divided in three sections with self-explanatory names. These are: the thin descending limb, (descending towards the medulla) the thin ascending limb and the thick ascending limbs (ascending towards the cortex). Once in the cortex the loop of Henle becomes the distal convoluted tubule which travels through the entrance of the renal capsule in very close contact with both, the afferent and efferent arterioles. Then this becomes the collecting duct which, as it travels through the medulla towards the tip of the renal pyramid, it receives the content of many nephrons and increasing in diameter. At this point the collecting duct becomes the papillary duct which then empties in the renal papilla and this into a minor calyx. The histology of the contents of the Bowman’s capsule is of special functional importance. The outside of the renal corpuscle is the Bowman’s capsule or capsula glomeruli. This structure is like a spherical funnel with the mouth in what is also known as the vascular pole, where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle. The exit of the funnel connects with the proximal convoluted tubule. The external wall of the Bowman’s capsule serves as a retention wall to guide the filtrate towards the tubular end. Then we find a urinary space or capsular space which collects the filtrate. The internal wall of the Bowman’s capsule is made of very specialized cells called podocytes. These cells are made of finger-like projections which lay on top of a glomerular basement membrane which in turn covers the outside of the glomerular capillaries. The podocytes make a thick cellular layer leaving filtration slits in between fingers. These slits permit the passage of filtrate from the glomerular capillaries towards the capsular space. The glomerular capillaries constitute the vascular component of the renal corpuscle. At the entrance we find the afferent capillary which then divides into multiple vessels making a plexus which then join at the exit of the capsule to form the efferent capillary. The capillaries in the glomerulus are all fenestrated, that is, they have multiple perforations which permit the passage of all of the molecules which will make the filtrate. Each capillary vessel is covered by the basement membrane before being covered by the podocytes.(Human Anatomy 6th Edittion,2002)
2.6.3 Roles of the Kidney
The primary roles of the kidney are to maintain an internal milieu that allows optimal cellular function, and to remove toxins that are generated by metabolism or ingested with a diet. The careful monitoring of the internal milieu, and the adjusting of excretory patterns for perturbations from intake, endogenous production, external losses, or metabolic consumption is called homeostasis. The removal of toxins is called clearance.
Additional responsibilities of the kidney include maintaining systemic hemodynamics and producing several important endocrine molecules.
2.6.4 Biomarkers of Renal Function
2.6.4.1 Urea
It is the major nitrogenous waste product derived from amino acid metabolism. It is also excreted by some animal as an end product of purine bases metabolism. Urea is less toxic and more soluble in water than ammonia. Levels between 18 and 38 mg/100 ml of blood are considered normal in humans. In sea sharks, concentrations of urea as much as 2 g/100 ml of blood are found, while in freshwater sharks concentration of urea was much less, it is about 0.6 g/100 ml of blood. This gives evidence that urea is involved in regulation of the osmotic pressure in salty sea water sharks. In livers of mammals, urea is synthesized from ammonia through a series of reactions known as urea cycle. Ammonia is firstly converted to the carbamyl phosphate, and an enzyme called arginase is required to release of urea from arginine in the presence of. Energy is required for synthesis of urea.
Urea is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but about 40% is reabsorbed actively by the tubules. Rate of reabsorption of urea varies inversely with tubular flow and accounts for elevation of blood urea when renal function is low. The concentration of urea in urine is about 70 times that of plasma. Urea forms 80% of total urinary solutes. Urine is roughly a 2% solution of urea.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract is coming soon ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ALBUMINPipette into test tubes Reagent standard sampleDistilled water 0.01ml --- ----Standard (CAL) --- 0.01ml -- ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IKWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, ILORINFACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE.BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE ON TRACE METALS, RENAL AND LIVER FUNCTION PARAMETERS OF KWASU FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES USING COSMETICSDear Respondent,This study was designed to evaluate the health risk associated with heavy cosmetic usage among female undergraduate in Kwara state University, Malete.The information obtained from this research will be used only for the purpose of the research and will ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of studyCosmetology which include nail and hair care has become a lucrative profession. (Halliday-Bell et al., 2009). The use and application of cosmetics have been shown to have some effects on the human system. There are about 9000 chemicals ingredients found in cosmetic products (Kersemaekers and Roelveld, 1995). Nail and hair care users have daily contact with cosmetic products and are therefore routinely exposed to a wide range of chemicals by inhalatio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREE3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.2.0 Study Population:3.2.1 Exposed SubjectsThe population for the study was centred on apparently healthy female undergraduate students who are cosmetic users. Subjects were also chosen considering exclusion criteria like chronic smokers as well as alcoholism.3.2.2 Non-Exposed Subjects (Control)Apparently healthy female participants that completely do not use cosmetics, recruited from the Malete Campus Community of the Kwara State ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTSTable 4.1: Shows the comparison of anthropometric and clinical indices between heavy cosmetic users (lipstick users) (cases) and non-heavy cosmetic users (control). Data shows a mean age of patients with cosmetic users and non-cosmetic users to be 21.38 ± 0.43 and 22.03 ± 0.59 respectively. However, data shows an insignificant difference in the mean value of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, height, weight and body mass index of cosmetic users compar ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 DiscussionIn the present study, the concentrations of Copper cosmetics were observed to be slightly higher than the standard concentration, however its concentrations in the blood and muscles of the studied students were higher with heavy cosmetic users. Similar results were observed in different cosmetic products from El Max Bay Alexandria (Khaled, 2004). In the present study, the lowest concentrations of Cu were observed ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAbdo, M. H. and Yacoub, A. M. (2005). Determination of some heavy metals in water and fish flesh of common species in Bardawil Lagoon, Egypt. Egypt. Journal Analytical Chemistry, 14: 65-76.Al-Dayel, O., Hefne, J. and Al-Ajyan, T. (2011). Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 27(1): 1–11.Ames, B.N., Kammen, H.O. and Yamasaki, E. (1975). Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. Proceedings of National Ac ... Continue reading---
