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Evaluating The Levels Of Some Selected Trace Metals, Renal Function Parameters And Liver Function Parameters Of Heavy Cosmetics Users Among Female Undergraduates And Compare Levels With Non-cosmetic Users
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In clinical practice, blood urea level is taken as an indicator of renal function. The normal urea level in plasma is from 20 to 40 mg/dl. Blood urea level is increased where renal function is inadequate. Urea level in blood may be theoretically increased when protein intake is very high. However in usual conditions, this will be only within the upper limit of the normal values. Urinary excretion of urea is 15 to 30 g/day (6-15g nitrogen/day). This corresponds to the breakdown of 40 to 80 g of proteins per day. Urea constitutes 80% of urinary organic solids.(Van De , 2002)
2.6.4.2 Creatinine
Creatinine is synthesized in the liver from three amino acids namely, arginine, glycine, and methionine. Creatinine is liberated into the blood and is taken up by the muscle when required. In skeletal muscle, it is phosphorylated to form Creatinine phosphate, which is an important energy store for ATP synthesis. Creatinine is formed in the body from Creatinine phosphate. Creatinine is not converted directly to creatinine. The rate of creatinine excretion is constant from day to day.
Creatinine is a waste product, formed from Creatinine phosphate. This conversion is spontaneous, non-enzymatic, and is dependent on total muscle mass of the body. It is not affected by diet, age or exercise. Women and children excrete less creatinine than men, because of their smaller muscle mass. 98% of Creatinine pool is in muscle. About 1.6% is converted to creatinine per day which is rapidly excreted. Since the production is continuous, the blood level will not fluctuate much, making creatinine an ideal substance for clearance test. Creatinine excretion is constant in a particular person. Hence the urine creatinine is sometimes used to check whether the 24hours urine sample does actually contain total urine volume or not. This is important when urine is collected from children and mentally retarded persons. (Human Anatomy, 2002)
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract is coming soon ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ALBUMINPipette into test tubes Reagent standard sampleDistilled water 0.01ml --- ----Standard (CAL) --- 0.01ml -- ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IKWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, ILORINFACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE.BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE ON TRACE METALS, RENAL AND LIVER FUNCTION PARAMETERS OF KWASU FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES USING COSMETICSDear Respondent,This study was designed to evaluate the health risk associated with heavy cosmetic usage among female undergraduate in Kwara state University, Malete.The information obtained from this research will be used only for the purpose of the research and will ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of studyCosmetology which include nail and hair care has become a lucrative profession. (Halliday-Bell et al., 2009). The use and application of cosmetics have been shown to have some effects on the human system. There are about 9000 chemicals ingredients found in cosmetic products (Kersemaekers and Roelveld, 1995). Nail and hair care users have daily contact with cosmetic products and are therefore routinely exposed to a wide range of chemicals by inhalatio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREE3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.2.0 Study Population:3.2.1 Exposed SubjectsThe population for the study was centred on apparently healthy female undergraduate students who are cosmetic users. Subjects were also chosen considering exclusion criteria like chronic smokers as well as alcoholism.3.2.2 Non-Exposed Subjects (Control)Apparently healthy female participants that completely do not use cosmetics, recruited from the Malete Campus Community of the Kwara State ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTSTable 4.1: Shows the comparison of anthropometric and clinical indices between heavy cosmetic users (lipstick users) (cases) and non-heavy cosmetic users (control). Data shows a mean age of patients with cosmetic users and non-cosmetic users to be 21.38 ± 0.43 and 22.03 ± 0.59 respectively. However, data shows an insignificant difference in the mean value of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, height, weight and body mass index of cosmetic users compar ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 DiscussionIn the present study, the concentrations of Copper cosmetics were observed to be slightly higher than the standard concentration, however its concentrations in the blood and muscles of the studied students were higher with heavy cosmetic users. Similar results were observed in different cosmetic products from El Max Bay Alexandria (Khaled, 2004). In the present study, the lowest concentrations of Cu were observed ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAbdo, M. H. and Yacoub, A. M. (2005). Determination of some heavy metals in water and fish flesh of common species in Bardawil Lagoon, Egypt. Egypt. Journal Analytical Chemistry, 14: 65-76.Al-Dayel, O., Hefne, J. and Al-Ajyan, T. (2011). Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 27(1): 1–11.Ames, B.N., Kammen, H.O. and Yamasaki, E. (1975). Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. Proceedings of National Ac ... Continue reading---
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