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Stigma Consciousness, Coping Strategies And Cd4 Counts Of Persons With Hiv/aids
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x=results of non significant interaction effects not included (see appendix G).
The results of analysis of covariate revealed that treatment produce significant main effect on CD4 counts of PLWHA, F(1,413) = 5.79, P =.02. Similarly, stigma consciousness was significant in influencing CD4 counts of PLWHA, F(1,413) = 36.83, P = .001. Also, social support produced significant real effect on CD4 counts of PLWHA, F(1,413) = 28.35, P =.001. Information coping was also significant, F(1,143)= 31, P = .001, but not problem coping F(1,413)= 2.89, P =.09.
The results of a follow up study that tested the effectiveness of using cognitive therapy as intervention measure to reduce stigma consciousness, increase social support, instill information seeking and problem focus behaviours on PLWHA produced significant real effects, (see Table 5 ).
Results of multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant difference between treatment and control groups, that is, experiencing cognitive therapy and not experiencing cognitive therapy (intervention measure) on stigma consciousness. Treatment group scored (M = 27.98; SD = 5.38) less than control group that scored (M=30; SD= 5.6), F(1,185) =49.59, P = .001. Similarly, intervention measure produced real effect on social support. Treatment group scored (M= 47; SD= 7.61) more than the control group (M= 39.02; SD= 9.79), F(1,185)= 49.59, P= .001. Also, significant difference was found between treatment and control group on information coping. Treatment group had (M= 18.09; SD= 2.91) more than control group that scored (M= 17.11; SD= 2.68), F(1,185) = 5.61, P= .02. And, finally experiencing intervention measures produced significant effect on problem coping. Those who experienced intervention measures scored (M= 24.87; SD= 4.07) than those who did not experience intervention measures who did (M= 23.29; SD= 4.88), F(1,185)= 5.76, P= .02 (see Table 5). Therefore, Gluhoski (1996) cognitive therapy was found effective in reducing stigma consciousness, increasing social support, instilling information seeking and problem focus behaviour on PLWHA.
To determine which of the groups, treatment or control group (i.e. experiencing cognitive therapy or not experiencing cognitive therapy) was more effective on reducing stigma consciousness, increasing social support, increase information seeking and problem focus behaviours on people living with HIV/AIDS, pairwise comparisons were carried out to confirm the directions of the observed differences on four variables using Bonferroni methods (see Table 6).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT
The study examined the
influence of stigma consciousness (a belief or feeling that one will be
negatively stereotyped by others) and coping strategies (social support,
information and problem) on the CD4 counts (measure of immune system) of People
Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Anambra state. 430 PLWHA (men=148 &
women=282), age (M=35.73, SD=8.4) years served as participants. Three Anti
Retroviral Therapy (ART) sites were randomly selected from the three senatorial
zones of ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRES INSTRUCTIONS The statements below are intended to collect information on your relationships with other people including your doctor. Please read each statement and decide how you agree with the statement. The information is for research purpose only and shall not be used against you, so be honest in your response. For each statement, show your answer by indicating to the right of the item the number that describes your level of agreement. T ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX C - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX CReliability test on social support scaleStatistics for Mean Variance Std Dev VariablesScale 45.3611 65.8373 8.1140 15Item Means Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance3.0241 1.7500 4.1111 2.3611 2.3492 .3727Item Variances Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance1.4874 .7071 2.3135 1.6063 3.2716 .1748Reliability Coefficients 15 itemsAlpha = .7084 Standardized item alpha = .6805Reliability****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ******R E L I A B I L I T Y A N ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] APPENDIX BRELIABILITY TEST ON STIGMA CONSCIOUSNESS QUESTIONNAIRE N ofStatistics for Mean Variance Std Dev VariablesScale 34.1522 46.7541 6.8377 10Item Means Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance3.4152 2.9565 3.6087 .6522 1.2206 .0400Item Variances Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance1.4292 1.0957 1.6870 .5913 1.5397 .0482Reliability Coefficie ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX D - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX DReliability test on information coping scaleN ofStatistics for Mean Variance Std Dev VariablesScale 18.1750 12.7635 3.5726 5Item Means Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance3.6350 3.2000 3.9750 .7750 1.2422 .0877Item Variances Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance1.2222 .8199 1.6513 .8314 2.0141 .1044Reliability Coefficients 5 itemsAlpha = .6515 Standardized item alpha = .6662Factor Analysis on information coping scale ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX E - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX EReliability test on problem coping scaleN ofStatistics for Mean Variance Std Dev VariablesScale 30.4688 19.6119 4.4285 8Item Means Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance3.8086 3.2500 4.2813 1.0313 1.3173 .1430Item Variances Mean Minimum Maximum Range Max/Min Variance1.1274 .5313 1.8710 1.3397 3.5218 .1722Reliability Coefficients 8 itemsAlpha = .6173 Standardized item alpha = .6148Factor Analysis on problem coping scale ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] TABLE OF CONTENTSTITLE PAGE CERTIFICATION PAGE DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1Introduction Statement of the probl ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX F - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX F4-Way Analysis of Variance of stigma consciousness, social support, information & problem copings on CD4 Counts. ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX G - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX GANALYSIS OF COVARIATE (ANCOVA) RESULT OF STIGMA CONSCIOUSNESS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, INFORMATION COPING, PROBLEM COPING WITH TREATMENT AS COVAVRIATE. ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX H - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX HRESULTS OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF COGNITIVE THERAPY ON STIGMA CONSCIOUSNESS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, INFORMATION, & PROBLEM COPINGS. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]that can infest anybody and decide to seek information on treatment, intervention, and supports whereas others may perceive it as an end to life and become hopeless. According to Carver (1998, as cited in Chukwudozie, 2008) such differences in perception could be among the strongest determinants of how individuals fare in situations of stressful or life-threatening experience, for example living with HIV/AIDS. These may determine how PLWHA fare with regards to their health as measured by ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]not known whether social support will influence health condition, that is, immune system among people living with HIV/AIDS. Research is needed in this direction. Of course, this is the interest of this study. Other coping strategies Other coping strategies for living with HIV/AIDS may include information coping and problem coping. Evidence has shown that people who tend to actively seek information in their environment are more likely to come to their doctor with more minor c ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]information coping, and problem coping at a stretch. Four-way analysis of variance is appropriate statistic for a complex design study that adopts 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 - factorial design. In the second analysis, analysis of covariate (ANCOVA) was used and treatment was entered as a covariate. Hinkle, Wiersma and Jurs (1998) stated two assumptions and their alternative for using ANCOVA as statistical control. The conditions are that relationship between the dependent variable and indepe ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Furthermore, this study found that there was strong evidence to support that problem coping exerts influence on immunity of people living with HIV/AIDS. Those people living with HIV/AIDS that focus on problem tended towards having more immunity when their CD4 counts were compared with those who avoid problem. The implication is that focusing on problem is beneficial to people living with HIV/AIDS. People living with HIV/AIDS should focus on problem by following plans of actions as provide ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Scott-Sheldon, L.A.J., Kalichman, S.C., Carey, M.P. & Fielder, R.L. (2008). Stress Management Interventions for HIV + Adults: A meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, 1989 to 2006. Health Psychology, 27, 2, 129 – 139. Seeman, T.E., & Syme, S.L. (1989). Social networks and coronary artery disease: A comparison of the structure and function of social relations as predictions of diseases. Psychosomatic medicine, 49, 381 – 400. Siegel, K., Howard, L., ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT
The study examined the
influence of stigma consciousness (a belief or feeling that one will be
negatively stereotyped by others) and coping strategies (social support,
information and problem) on the CD4 counts (measure of immune system) of People
Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Anambra state. 430 PLWHA (men=148 &
women=282), age (M=35.73, SD=8.4) years served as participants. Three Anti
Retroviral Therapy (ART) sites were randomly selected from the three senatorial
zones of ... Continue reading---