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Investigation Of Effects Of Alum And Potassium Sesquicarbonate On The Fire Characteristics Of Flexible Polyurethane Foam
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3.9 CONCLUSIONThe following conclusion could be drawn on the possibility of using Alum and potassium sesquicarbonate as flame retardants in the production of polyurethane foam. The chemical constituent of the flame retardant samples contributes much in the flammability properties of the polyurethane foam studied.
The results of the flammability analyses are much more encouraging with potassium sesquicarbonate which produced polyurethane foam with high flammability properties such as burn length, ignition time, flame duration, char formation, after glow time and Add – on.
However, the results of the TGA analyses also revealed that polyurethane foam filled with potassium sesquicarbonate as flame retardant required a higher activation energy than alum for the pyrolysis / combustion of the samples. Also, the onset of degradation time was more delayed in potassium sesquicarbonate than alum, but its improvement at 0.3% concentrate of the flame retardant of the polyurethane foam is very poor than that shown by polyurethane foam filled with Alum as a flame retardant.Finally, these flame retardants at low percentage concentration enhanced the flammability properties of the polyurethane foam filled with them.3.10 RECOMMENDATIONThis research permits more economical production of polyurethane foam using alum and potassium sesquicarbonate as flame retardant.These flame retardants give a good analytical result, and therefore have been recommended for the production of polyurethane foam.Since polyurethane foam industries do not use flame retardant in the production of polyurethane foam due to its side effect in the physicomechanical properties of the foam, we recommend that they should start using inorganic flame retardants at low concentration.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]
ABSTRACT
The
effectiveness of alum and potassium sesquicarbonate was studied by
incorporating various concentrations of the flame retardants into the
polyurethane foam sample. The flammability tests were carried out and the
results showed that as the concentration of the flame retardants increased, the
flame propagation rate, after glow time, burn length and flame duration
decreased for both flame retardants, while ignition time, add-on and char
formation increased for both fla ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF TABLES    Table 1.   :      Solubility of the compounds. Table 2.   :      Foam formulation using Alum as flame retardant. Table 3.  :      Effect of flame retardants on ignition time. Table 4.   :      Effects of flame retardants on burn length. Table 5.   :      Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation Rate. Table 6.  :      Effects of flame retardants on flame duration. Table 7.   :    ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1:      The combustion process. Fig. 2:      Basic unit in a urethane block copolymer. Fig. 3:      Structure-property relationships in polyurethane. Fig. 4:      Thermogravimetric analyzer Fig. 5 :      Effects of flame retardants on Ignition time. Fig. 6 :      Effects of flame retardants on burn length Fig. 7 :      Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation rate Fig. 8:      Effects of flame ret ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] TABLE OF CONTENTS   Title page Certification                                      Dedication                                         Acknowledgements                           Abstract                                            Table of contents            ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In every day to day activity, foam materials are all around our homes, vehicles, schools and industries. It is the cushioning material of choice in almost all furniture and bedding. It is used as carpet cushions. It is the material used for pillows, roof liners, sound proofing, car and truck seats. Foam has become such a widely used material because it provides a unique combination of form and function [1]. Types of foam such as n ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] Thermogravimetric analysis: This determines changes in weight in relation to change in temperature. It was determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer made by Schimadzu TA – 60ws model. The furnace of the instrument was first opened to stabilize the instrument. The furnace has two pans. The foam samples were weighed and placed in one of the pan and the second pan contained Alumina which serves as the reference point used in balancing the weight of the samples. It was se ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] REFERENCESM.E. Bailey (1971), Polyurethane Study in Chemical Principles, Journal Chemistry Education, pp 48, 809. T.W Solomon Graham (1980), Organic Chemistry 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, pp 334 – 339. C.J. Benning (1969), Plastic Foams, The Physical and Chemistry of Product Performance and Process Technology, Vol. I, Chemistry and Physics of Foams Formation, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 235-247J.H Troitzch (1990), International Plastics Flammability Handboo ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]
ABSTRACT
The
effectiveness of alum and potassium sesquicarbonate was studied by
incorporating various concentrations of the flame retardants into the
polyurethane foam sample. The flammability tests were carried out and the
results showed that as the concentration of the flame retardants increased, the
flame propagation rate, after glow time, burn length and flame duration
decreased for both flame retardants, while ignition time, add-on and char
formation increased for both fla ... Continue reading---